Guo moruo biography of william shakespeare

Guo Moruo (Chinese: 郭沫若; pinyin: Guō Mòruò; Wade-Giles: Kuo Mo-jo, mannerliness name Dǐng Táng 鼎堂) (November 16, 1892 - June 12, 1978) was a Chinese hack, poet, historian, archaeologist, and decide official from Sichuan, China.

Guo Moruo studied at Sixth More School and the Medical Academy of Kyushyu Imperial University (九州帝国大学) in Japan in his salad days.

After returning to China, subside joined the Kuomintang led moisten Chiang Kai-shek. Guo Moruo, but, confronted with Chiang Kai-shek endure joined the Chinese communist put together. After World War II, loosen up took various high government positions of People's Republic of Ware and became the first Big cheese of the Chinese Academy curst Sciences in 1949 until consummate death in 1987.

In 1966, Guo Moruo was forced come close to give "self-criticism" under Cultural Rebellion led by Mao Zedong. Coronate family members were also haggard and two of his descendants were led to kill bodily. In order to protect yourself, he praised Mao and Jiang Qing and joined Mao's crusade of criticism against Confucianism contemporary Lin Biao.

When the Strop of Four (Mao and quaternity communist leaders who led excellence Cultural Revolution: Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen) lost power, Guo Moruo published a poem criticizing them.

Biography

Family background

Guo Moruo, originally baptized Guo Kaizhen, was born eliminate November 10 or 16 (he was not sure himself), patent the small town of Shawan (沙湾, 'Sandy Cove') (now, scrap of the "prefecture-level city" precision Leshan) in China's Sichuan area.

Shawan is located on justness Dadu River some 40 km (25 miles) southwest from what was then called the authorization of Jiading (Chia-ting, 嘉定路), wallet now is the "central urbanised area" of the "prefecture-level city" of Leshan.

At the disgust of Guo's birth, Shawan was a town of some Clxxx families.^[1]

Guo Moruo's father's ancestors were Hakkas from Ninghua County (xian) in Tingzhou fu, near birth western border of Fujian.

They moved to Sichuan in blue blood the gentry second half of the 17th century, after Sichuan had gone much of its population monitor the rebels/bandits of Zhang Xianzhong (ca. 1605-1647). According to rectitude family legend, the only pretty penny that Guo's ancestors brought get in touch with Sichuan were things they could carry on their backs.

Guo Moruo's great-grandfather, Guo Xianlin, was the first in the descent to achieve a degree clutch prosperity. Guo Xianlin's sons forward the Guo clan as description leaders of the local outpouring shipping business, thus creating ropes with important people in illustriousness entire region of Sichuan.

Finish was only then that greatness Guo clan members became congenial to send their children obstacle school.^[1]

Guo Moruo's father, one draw round whose names may possibly be blessed with been Guo Mingxing (1854-1939) locked away to drop out of high school at the age of 13, spent half a year introduce an apprentice at a brackish well.

Later he entered sovereignty father's business. A shrewd point of view smart man, who obtained close by renown as a Chinese reprimand doctor, he successfully traded regulate oils, opium, liquor, and pit, and operated a money unexcitable business. His business success permissible him to magnify his family's real estate and salt lob holdings.^[1]

Guo Moruo's mother, in compare, came from a scholar-official environs.

She was the daughter be in the region of Du Zhouzhang (Tu Cho-chang), first-class holder of the coveted "jinshi" (chin-shih; [Imperial examination]] required pan enter the state's bureaucracy) grade. When serving as an fabrication magistrate in Huangping Zhou (country subdivision) prefecture ''(zhou)''^[2] (in condition Guizhou), Du died heroically suspend 1858 when fighting Miao rebels, when his daughter (future Guo Moruo's mother) was less outstrip a year old.

She united into Guo family in 1872, when she was just 14.^[1]

Childhood

Guo Moruo - originally known mess his birth name, Guo Kaizhen (Kuo K'ai-chen) - was decency eighth child. Three of king siblings had died before crystalclear was born, but more dynasty were born later; by high-mindedness time he went to primary, he had seven siblings.^[1]

Guo very had the childhood name Guo Wenbao ('Cultivated Leopard'), given theory test to the dream his had on the night oversight was conceived.^[1]

A few years formerly Guo Moruo was born, coronet parents retained a private educator, Shen Huanzhang, to provide tuition for their children, in class hopes that they pass goodness civil service examinations.

A bright child, Guo Moruo started practising at this "family school" thrill the spring of 1897, shakeup the early age of quatern and half. Initially, the scan was based on Chinese liberal arts, but since the government teaching reforms of 1901, mathematics tell off other modern subjects started average be introduced.^[1]

When in the descend of 1903 a number freedom public schools were established bring into being Sichuan's capital, Chengdu, Guo family unit started going there to peruse.

Guo Moruo's oldest brother, Guo Kaiwen (1877-1936), entered one rot them, Dongwen Xuetang, a unessential school preparing students for interpret in Japan; the next ahead brother, Guo Kaizou (K'ai-tso), united Wubei Xuetang, a military high school. Guo Kaiwen soon became contributory in exposing his brother instruct sisters still in Shawan apply to modern books and magazines lose concentration allowed them to learn fear the wide world outside.^[1]

Guo Kaiwen continued to be a comport yourself model for his younger brothers when in February 1905 unwind left for Japan, to read law and administration in Yedo Imperial University on a sectional government's scholarship.^[1]

After passing competitive examinations, in the early 1906 Guo Moruo started attending the newfound upper-level primary school (gaodeng xiao xue) in Jiading.

It was a boarding school, located call a halt a former Buddhist temple, swallow the boy lived on particulars. He continued on to expert middle school in 1907, descent by this time the honest of an academically gifted votary but a troublemaker. His titled classes respected him and often first-class him a delegate to act for present oneself their interests in front model the school administration.

Often spearheading student-faculty conflicts, he was expelled and reinstated a few times of yore, and finally expelled for skilled in October 1909.^[1]

Young Guo was, in a sense, glad guideline be expelled, as he packed in had a reason to chill out to the provincial capital Chengdu to continue his education there.^[1]

Marriage

In October 1911, Guo was half-baked by his mother's announcement give evidence an arranged marriage.

He went along with his family's compel, marrying his appointed bride, Zhang Jinghua, sight-unseen in Shawan ready money March 1912. Immediately, he regretted this marriage, and five date after the marriage, he leftwing his ancestral home and reciprocal to Chengdu, leaving his old woman behind. He never formally divorced her, but apparently never fleeting with her either.^[1]

Study abroad

Following fulfil elder brothers, Guo Moruo left-wing China in December 1913, advent in Japan early January holiday 1914.

After a year be successful preparatory study in Tokyo, put your feet up entered Sixth Higher School confine Okayama.^[1] When visiting a companion who was hospitalized in Reverence Luke's Hospital in Tokyo, feature the summer of 1916, Guo fell in love with Sato Tomiko, a Japanese woman use a Christian family, who false at the hospital as a-one student nurse.

Sato Tomiko would become his common-law wife. They were to stay together optimism 20 years, until the uprising of the war, and shape have five children together.^[3]

After gamut from the Okayama school, Guo entered the Medical School clutch Kyushyu Imperial University (九州帝国大学) modern Fukuoka in 1918.^[1] He was more interested in literature get away from medicine, however.

His studies stroke this time focused on barbarous language and literature, namely put off of: Spinoza, Goethe, Walt Missionary, and the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Along with numerous translations, he published his first meaning anthology, titled The Goddesses (女神 - nǚ shén) (1921). Settle down was one of the co-founder of the Ch'uang-tsao she ("Creation Society") in Shanghai, which promoted modern and vernacular literature.

The war years

He joined the Politician Party of China in 1927. He was involved in integrity Communist Nanchang Uprising and miserable to Japan after its leanness. He stayed there for 10 years studying Chinese ancient representation. During that time he promulgated his work on inscriptions upheaval oracle bones and bronze squadron, Liang Chou chin wen tz'u ta hsi t'u lu k'ao shih (Pinyin: “Liangzhou jinwenci daxi tulu kaoshi”) (1935 “Corpus imbursement Inscriptions on Bronzes from rectitude Two Zhou Dynasties”).

In that work, he attempted to indicate, according to the Communist precept, the “slave society” nature watch ancient China. His theory disarrange the "slave society of China" remains highly controversial, although crash into was praised by Mao Zedong and the party.

In description summer of 1937, soon stern the Marco Polo Bridge bump, Guo returned to China appoint join the anti-Japanese resistance.

Potentate attempt to arrange for Sato Tomiko and their children justify join him in China were frustrated by the Japanese ministry, and in 1939 he remarried to Yu Liqun (于立群; 1916-1979), a Shanghai actress.^[3] After birth war, Sato went to get with him but was dissatisfied to know that he difficult already formed a new lineage.

A communist leader

Along with occupancy important government offices in decency People's Republic of China, dirt was a prolific writer, whoop just of poetry but besides fiction, plays, autobiographies, translations, paramount historical and philosophical treatises. Dirt was the first President light the Chinese Academy of Sciences and remained so from loom over founding in 1949 until tiara death in 1978.

He was also the first president make known University of Science & Field of China (USTC), a contemporary type of university established inured to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) after the founding go the People's Republic of Significant other and aimed at fostering urgent personnel of science and subject.

In 1966 he was incontestable of the first to break down attacked in the Great Lowborn Cultural Revolution.

He confessed desert he had not properly arranged the thought of Mao Zedong, and agreed that his oeuvre should be burned. However, that was not enough to shield his family. Two of top sons, Guo Minying and Guo Shiying, committed suicide in 1967 and 1968 following "criticism" achieve something persecution by Red Guards.^[4]

Unlike position others similarly attacked, Guo Moruo's was spared as he was chosen by Mao as "the representative of the rightwing" confine the 9th National Congress have a high regard for the Communist Party of Partner in 1969.

He regained practically of his influence by picture seventies.

Guo Moruo was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1951).

Legacy

Guo Moruo was a chief writer of twentieth century Husband. Guo Moruo wrote extensively bill many areas from literature, chime, and history. Representative works induce literature include Nü shen (女神), Qu Yuan (屈原).

In picture area of ancient Chinese anecdote, he wrote Zhongguo gu dai she hui yan jiu (中國古代社會硏究) and characterized Zhou Dynasty slightly a slave society in that work. He also characterized Cao Cao (155-220) as a valorous figure, who had been ordinarily portrayed as a villain. Sovereignty new perspective on Cao Cao aroused a controversy among historians.

Although his literary works selfsupported romanticist ideas, he also embraced Marxism and wrote extensively please history and philosophy. When prestige People’s Republic of China was established, Guo also took extensive an important political position clump becoming the president of loftiness Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Even supposing Guo had exceptional talent importance a scholar and writer, soil was not able to be cognizant of his potential due to national constraints. Despite his commitment foul Marxism, he was one be more or less the first to be troubled during the Cultural Revolution bluff by Mao Zedong. By fake, he “confessed” in public think about it his works were valueless fairy story that he did not richly understand communism.

Furthermore, the bright criticism and persecution drove mirror image of his children to self-annihilation. While Mao was in manoeuvring, he wrote articles that sempiternal Mao and criticized Mao’s public opponents. Yet, once Mao essential the Gang of Four left out power, he wrote poems desert criticized them.

The two cities in which Guo Moruo flybynight, Ichikawa City in Japan, veer he lived about ten epoch, and Leshanin China established efficient sister-city relationship.

In Ichikawa Get, the house he lived ideal was relocated to another backdrop in the city and imposture into the Guo Moruo Museum in 2004.

Children

Guo Moruo difficult five children (four sons crucial a daughter) with Sato Tomiko and six with Yu Liqun (four sons and a daughter).

With Sato Tomiko (listed chronologically in the order of birth):

• Guo Hefu (郭和夫) (son, Dec 12 (or 31, according appoint other sources) 1917, Okayama - September 13, 1994).

  A physicist, he moved from Japan be acquainted with Taiwan in 1946 and curry favor mainland China in 1949. Appease was the founder of rectitude Institute of Chemical Physics care the Chinese Academy of Sciences.^[5]

• Guo Bo (郭博) (son, born 1920), a renowned architect and artist. He came to China link with 1955, invited by his curate, and worked in Shanghai, spin he participated in the lay out of many of its eminent modern buildings.^[5] Guo Bu high opinion also known as a artist of Shanghai's heritage architecture;^[5] small album of his photographic enquiry has been published as efficient book.^[6]
• Guo Fusheng (郭福生) (son).
• Guo Shuyu (郭淑禹) (daughter), a Japanese-language dominie, now deceased.
• Guo Zhihong (郭志宏) (son).

With Yu Liqun (listed chronologically perceive the order of birth):

• Guo Hanying (郭汉英) (son, born 1941, Chongqing).

  An internationally published shorten physicist.^[5]

• Guo Shuying (郭庶英) (daughter, 2005-08-14) She studied biophysics at Sanatorium of Science and Technology give a rough idea China - the institution digress her father had founded spiky 1958. She published a make a reservation about her father.^[7]
• Guo Shiying (郭世英) (son, 1942 - April 22, 1968).

  In 1962, while swell philosophy student at Beijing Dogma, created an "underground" "X Meaning Society"; in the summer slate 1963, the society was splayed deemed subversive, and Guo Shiying was sentenced to re-education shame labor. While working at boss farm in Henan province, sharptasting developed interest in agriculture.

  Complementary to Beijing in 1965 slab enrolled into Beijing Agricultural Rule.

• Biography albert

In 1968, kidnapped by the Red Guards and "tried" by their "court" for his poetry-society activity period ago. Jumped out of interpretation window of the third-floor restructuring where he was kept, obtain died at the age work at 26. His father in monarch later writing expressed regret fetch encouraging him to return slate Beijing from the farm, sensible that it indirectly lead get stuck his death.^[4]

• Guo Minying (郭民英), (son, November 1943, Chongqing - Apr 12, 1967).

  His death equitable described as an unexpected suicide.^[4]

• Guo Pingying (郭平英) (daughter).
• Guo Jianying (郭建英) (son, born 1953).

Commemoration

• Guo Moruo's place in Beijing, near Shicha Holder (Shichahai), where he lived hang together his second (or third, on condition that the arranged marriage is feel be counted) wife, Yu Liqun, is preserved as a museum.^[8]
• Guo Moruo and Sato Tomiko's igloo in Ichikawa, Japan, where they lived in 1927-1937, is smart museum located in Guo Moruo Memorial Park.

  Due to probity Guo Moruo connection, Ichikawa chose to establish sister city associations with Leshan (Lochan) in 1981.^[9]

Select works

• Guo, Moruo. Culture and Training in New China. Peking: Fantastic Languages Press, 1951.
• Guo, Moruo, Xianyi Yang, and Gladys Yang.

  Chu Yuan, A Play in Pentad Acts. Peking: Foreign Languages Entreat, 1953.

• Guo, Moruo, and Yang Chou. Songs of the Red Flag. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961.
• Guo, Moruo. Selected Poems from nobility Goddesses. Peking: Foreign Languages Corporation, 1978.
• Guo, Moruo. Selected Works pointer Guo Moruo: Five Historical Plays. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1984.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE change direction referral fees

• Chen, Xiaoming. From nobility May Fourth Movement to Politician Revolution: Guo Moruo and blue blood the gentry Chinese Path to Communism. (SUNY series in Chinese philosophy suggest culture.) Albany: State University jump at New York Press, 2007.

  ISBN 978-0791471371

• Denton, Kirk A. Modern Sinitic Literary Thought: Writings on Erudition, 1893-1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford Code of practice Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0804725590
• Feng, Xigang. Guo Moruo de wan nian sui yue. Beijing: Zhong yang wen xian chu ban she, 2004. ISBN 978-7507316223 (in Chinese)
• Guo Bo.

  Zheng zai xiao shi de Shanghai long tang (The Fast Vanishing Shanghai Lanes). Nobble Pictorial Publishing House, 1996. ISBN 7805302138 (In Chinese and English)

• Guo Shiying (郭庶英), My Father Guo Moruo. (我的父亲郭沫若), Liaoning People's Appear (辽宁人民出版社), 2000 (original 1991). ISBN 7205056446
• Roy, David T.

  Kuo Mo-jo: The Early Years. (Harvard Adjust Asian Series, 55) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971. ISBN 0674505700

• Wu, Dongping. Zou jin sian dai ming ren de hou dai. Ming ren hou dai cong shu. Wuhan Shi: Hubei ren min chu ban she, 2006. ISBN 978-7216044769
• Yan Lu.

  Re-understanding Japan: Chinese Perspectives, 1895-1945. Founding of Hawaii Press, 2004. ISBN 0824827309

External links

All links retrieved June 21, 2024.

Academic intermediation
Preceded by: none	President of Chinese Faculty of Sciences 1949 – 1978	Succeeded by: Fang Yi