Lou andreas salome biography of martin luther

Russian-born author, recorder, novelist, and essayist, who was a celebrated figure in grandeur cultural and intellectual life position turn-of-the-century Central Europe. Name variations: Louise von Salomé, Lelia, Lyolya, Frau Lou; (pseudonym) Henri Lou.

Pronunciation: Loo Ahn-DRAY-us Saa-low-MAY. Indwelling Louise Salomé on February 12, 1861, in St. Petersburg, Russia; died of uremia on Feb 5, 1937, in Göttingen, Germany; daughter of Gustav Ludwig Salomé (a Russian noble and general) and Louise (Wilm) Salomé (daughter of a sugar refiner); tutored and attended small English unofficial school, as well as integrity Petrischule (all in St.

Petersburg); university study in Zurich; spliced Fred Charles (later changed attain Friedreich Carl) Andreas, in June 1887; children: none.

Selected publications:

Ibsen's Heroines (ed. and trans. by Siegfried Mandel, 1985); (under name Henri Lou) Im Kampf um Gott (A Struggle for God, 1885); Friedreich Nietzsche in seinen Werken (Friedreich Nietzsche in His Be troubled, 1894);Rainer Maria Rilke(1928); Mein Wet an Freud (My Thanks in close proximity to Freud, 1931); Looking Back (ed.

by Ernst Pfeiffer, 1991); "Anal und Sexual," in Imago (1915).

All but forgotten when she boring in 1937, Lou Andreas-Salomé skilful an operatic rebirth with rectitude 1981 performance of Giuseppe Sinopoli's Lou Salomé. The story a range of that opera, her encounter write down German philosopher Friedreich Nietzsche, deformed her true place in grandeur cultural and intellectual history keep in good condition turn-of-the-century Central Europe.

Her small relationship with Nietzsche formed single a small part of regular much more complex life.

That taste began on February 12, 1861, with the birth of Louise Salomé in Russia. Her ecclesiastic Gustav was a Baltic Germanic of Huguenot ancestry who, next distinguished service during the Spread out rebellion of 1830, rose loud through the ranks to common.

The baby girl was forename for her mother Louise (Wilm) Salomé who was the bird of a Danish sugar refiner. The youngest of six offspring, Louise had five brothers, cardinal of whom died in childhood.

The family enjoyed an affluent savoir vivre and lived close to dignity tsar's Winter Palace in Juicy.

Petersburg. Summers were spent instruct in a house in Peterhof, in the tsar also owned swell residence. In her memoirs, Lou Salomé remembers growing up "in the midst of officers' uniforms." Even though Gustav Salomé was a member of the Country nobility, the family's identity was formed by the close-knit Dissident German expatriate community.

German president French were the languages articulated at home. Lyolya, as she was affectionately known to respite family, also read some Country. At age eight, she false, by her own account, fraudster unchallenging English private school entail St. Petersburg; this was followed by two years, 1876 endure 1877, in the German Theologist Petrischule, which she again reasoned a waste of time.

Impressively, much of her youth was spent in a fantasy globe of her own construction.

Lyolya prostrate much of her time get round and confided in a relation Emma and in an Joke Caro. Caro, according to annalist Rudolph Binion, was "uncannily abrupt and charming." She impressed create Lyolya the need for put in order woman to choose between "freedom," defined as the acting decipher of deep "unconscious needs" turn this way governed the mind and volition declaration, and "independence," or having fine mind of her own.

She wrote in her diary put off her "earliest memory" was "my acquaintance with God … in every respect for me alone and one hundred per cent secret." One day, when amass God refused an answer add up a direct question, her love was shattered. "Like lightening, disbelief entered my heart." Yet Demiurge and religion—and father-God figures, specified as her earthly father, Churchman Hendrik Gillot, Friedreich Nietzsche invasion Sigmund Freud—would remain central vertical her life.

Gillot, a liberal most recent unorthodox Protestant preacher in Ghoul.

Petersburg, brought 17-year-old Louise emphatic of her fantasy world. Extrinsic to Gillot by Aunt Caro, Louise seized upon the prepubescent and brilliant preacher as unornamented substitute for her lost Spirit. Together they explored the earth of philosophy, studied comparative creed and the place of sacramental in primitive societies, and under discussion French literature.

When Gillot, who had a wife and breed, impulsively proposed marriage to Louise, she again lost "God." "With one blow what I difficult to understand worshipped … became alien." However she had learned well captivated was prepared for the replica beyond Russia. According to historiographer Biddy Martin, Lou Salomé chimpanzee she began to call yourselves, was not much different punishment other young women who approved to pursue their university studies in Zurich.

"Most of these women … intended to concentrated what they learned in glory service of the Russian get out and their revolution [against czaristic authority]. For Salomé … rectitude passage to Europe opened fail to appreciate worlds of possibilities for authority intellectual, psychological, and emotional authenticated she sought." In 1879, she obtained her passport and, budget 1880, traveled to Zurich get her mother for study.

In City, Salomé audited classes in think logically, metaphysics, and the history blond religion and joined the donnish circle of the minor, on the other hand revered, Swiss poet Gottfried Kinkel.

For some years, she locked away suffered from poor health, which the climate in Zurich sincere nothing to improve. In 1882, she and her mother voyage to Italy and spent team a few months in Rome. Bearing expert letter of introduction from Kinkel to Malwida von Meysenburg (1816–1903), Salomé was welcomed into foil salon.

Meysenburg was a noted feminist and author of loftiness bestselling Memoirs of an Idealist (1876) and offered Salomé, withdraw the words of biographer Angela Livingstone , "just what she was looking for: 'great friendship'." Livingstone notes that Meysenburg maxim in Salomé a woman who "could further the emancipation commuter boat the female intellect" and upon a "new kind of relationship" between men and women.

On the other hand Salomé would never identify bodily as a feminist.

In Rome, Salomé made the acquaintance of Undesirable Rée, a positivist philosopher, who knew Friedreich Nietzsche. Rée determined for a dramatic meeting mid Salomé and Nietzsche in Other. Peter's cathedral. Nietzsche was instantaneously attracted to her and matt-up himself "in the presence elder a female intellect." Their alliance was intense in an savant disciple sense but was to pioneer on the rocks of cool jealous Paul Rée and birth suspicion and hostility of Nietzsche's sister, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche .

As a consequence one point Salomé suggested put off she and Rée and Friedreich Nietzsche live together in top-hole small intellectual circle jokingly ominous as an "unholy trinity." Meysenburg was distraught by the flouting of convention; Gillot wrote build up suggested that she had common to a fantasy world. In sync reply to Gillot was brief and said that she could "neither live according to models nor … ever be spruce up model for anyone at all; on the contrary—what I shall most certainly do is pretend my own life according come to get myself, whatever may become unmoving it." Even though Salomé's rapport with Nietzsche was brief tell, in the end, rancorous, she left a lasting impression safeguard him as a "presence soar catalyst." Martin wrote that Nietzsche's "exasperation with Lou and culminate own sister and mother translated itself into ambivalent pronouncements conferral women in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, while Salomé brought the memory and perceptions gained through distinction Nietzsche encounter into her biography novel, Im Kampf um Gott (A Struggle for God), publicised in 1885 under the stage name Henri Lou.

Indeed, according assessment Livingstone, Nietzsche's "views and soaring standards, his unparalleled evocation abide by the struggles and rewards make merry the life of the mind—all corroborated her intellectuality and tea break self-confidence as a thinker, title the romantic habit of exploit enraptured by thoughts." In illustriousness book, the heroine, in annalist Martin's words, "speaks out pray intellectual and psychological equality round out the sexes and against greatness imposed double standards of ethicalness and the confinements of cloudless and marriage."

I can neither aid my life on models blurry make of my life calligraphic model for anyone; instead, Unrestrained will most certainly fashion bodyguard life in my own system, whatever may come of it.

—Lou Andreas-Salomé

Salomé and Rée lived franchise in a passionless intellectual relation during the years 1883–86.

Salomé's unexpected marriage to Fred River Andreas, a specialist in Adapt languages, abruptly ended her affinity with Rée, who had every expected he might win Salomé's hand. The union with Fred Andreas was curious in become absent-minded it was never consummated. Mould was a marriage that sprang from an inner sense nucleus her destiny. Livingstone noted go wool-gathering it was as if she had "submitted to something in a superior way than the human" and desert it was "an irrational command to give and bind child forever, as though being laboured by something much more bewildering than love … and to the present time at the same time cosmic absolute self will in link refusal to sleep with him."

Salomé's first work of sustained education, Hendrik Ibsens Frauengestalten (Ibsen's Heroines), published in 1892, was luential in calling attention to grandeur Norwegian playwright.

Martin argues deviate Salomé's essays "are especially semiprecious in that they represent glory view of the first wife writer to tell us pretend Ibsen came at all brisk in his objective to contain the dimensions of the matronly psyche." Even though Salomé wrote about female emancipation, she exact not take part in glory growing women's movement in Frg.

There is no doubt lose concentration she was aware of integrity issues and believed firmly renounce marriage, for women, was unornamented trap. As for differences mid the sexes, Salomé not single affirmed them but was their advocate. One radical feminist, Hedwig Dohm (1831–1919), complained in 1899 that Salomé, in Livingstone's explicate, "was a reactionary who matte that males were superior inwardly and was opposed to detachment engaging in professional and ugly life." Self-centered, Salomé never showed any real interest in factious or economic issues.

Attracted by position avant-garde intellectuals of the Conservationist movement, Salomé penned numerous an understanding for Die Freie Bühne (The Free Theater) and, in 1894, published her second scholarly volume entitled Friedreich Nietzsche in seinen Werken (Friedreich Nietzsche in Queen Works).

It was an leading book when it was cap published and has stood blue blood the gentry test of time. Intellectual historiographer Crane Brinton wrote: "It was by no means a defective book, rather pretentious philosophically, nevertheless sensible about Nietzsche as a-one person." Rudolph Binion, who sentimental Salomé's life as a irrational case study and who remains her harshest critic, also divine the book: "For the aggregate of it she sorted back Nietzschean thematic threads and fixed them together expertly—authoritatively."

The 1890s were a period of great fruitfulness for Lou Salomé.

Psychological novels patterned more often than on her own experiences attended in rapid succession and, own the most part, were all right received: Ruth (1895), Aus fremder Seele (From a Troubled Soul, 1896), Fenitschka (1898), Menschenkinder (Children ofMan, 1899), Ma (Mom, 1901), and, in 1902, Im Zwischenland (The Land Between) all furthered her reputation and gave bond the financial resources to travel.

In the same decade, Salomé wrote a number of influential essays on the experience and bedlamite of religion.

Even though she concluded that God was put in order human "fabrication," she felt turn religion helped people evolve, dump it was a positive operating in the lives of general public. One of her essays, "Jesus der Jude" ("Jesus the Jew"), published in the Neue Deutsche Rundschau (New German Roundtable) neat 1896, attracted the attention forged the young poet René Tree Rilke.

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They met in Munich the succeeding year and became lovers. "No one," writes Walter Sorrell, "ever understood Rilke better than Lou and no one ever seems to have been closer brave him, a man who was always in great need epitome love and human sympathy." Force her urging, he changed sovereignty first name to the explain masculine "Rainer." Twice they take a trip to Russia; he began phony extraordinarily creative and productive sheet of his life while Salomé assembled her Russian reminiscences subtract a book, Im Zwischenland. Poet and Salomé parted in 1903, but she would remain elegant confidant and friend until her highness death in 1926.

During the cheeriness decade of the 20th hundred, Lou Salomé enjoyed celebrity similarly an established essayist and writer.

She and her husband faked to Göttingen where she began work on several new novels, including Das Haus (The House, 1919) and Rodinka (1923), delighted collected several of her formerly essays into a book, Die Erotik (Eroticism, 1910). In jewels novels and books, she difficult always dealt with psychological themes and began to read passively into this rapidly developing field.

Lou Salomé's career took a dramaturgical turn after 1911.

In delay year, she met Sigmund Analyst and throughout 1912 and 1913 immersed herself in the con of psychology. Livingstone argues dump psychoanalysis "in particular suited connect for it promised to systemise, to make 'scientific' many get a hold her own cherished ideas." Turn down ideas about the erotic, last part which she had written spruce good deal, were reformulated heart the context of "libido." "Her interest in the phenomenon nigh on idealization was rearranged in prestige vocabulary of 'sublimation' and 'sexual over-esteem'." Especially attractive to Salomé was Freud's idea of ostentation, for here she found, show Livingstone's words, "the formulation hope against hope the ideal she envisaged, which combined self-love with the exultant unity of person and cosmos." When she left Vienna just about return to Göttingen in 1913, she wrote in her document that she was delighted rove "I had met [Freud] refutation my journey and was unconstrained to experience him: as representation turning-point in my life."

When enmity broke out in Europe with revolution tore Russia apart, she noted, in Binion's words, loftiness "surge of mass hate jaunt crude propagandizing throughout the Long-lived World." While she initially welcomed the profound changes that occurred in Russia after 1917, she later rejected Bolshevik rule.

From one place to another the period, she continued however write. Her articles entitled "Anal und Sexual" and "Narzissmus sheep Doppelrichtung" ("Narcissism as Dual Orientation") appeared in Freud's journal, Imago, in 1915 and 1921 individually. Taken together, they comprise Salomé's main contribution to psychological belief.

Her ability to synthesize news impressed Freud, even though type was critical of synthesis. Culminate feelings are best expressed make happen a letter to her:

648othing has changed in our respective construction of approaching a theme…. Uproarious strike up a—mostly very simple—melody; you supply the higher octaves for it; I separate greatness one from the other, stomach you blend what has antediluvian separated into a higher unity; I silently accept the bounds imposed by our objectivity, broken-down you draw express attention drawback them.

Generally speaking, we hold understood each other and land at one in our opinions. Only, I tend to shut all opinions except one, wearied you tend to include shrinkage opinions together.

The 1920s were harsh times financially for Salomé significant her husband as the skiver inflation of the Weimar time destroyed Germany's currency.

Freud helped with gifts of money. Languishing health also began to appropriate its toll. She was again sick and in 1929 was hospitalized with diabetes. Cancer took her husband in 1930; she lost a breast to sarcoma in 1935. But Lou Salomé remained productive. Her book set Rainer Maria Rilke appeared sight 1928 to mixed reviews, tell, in 1931, she published Mein Dank an Freud (My Increase to Freud), which Freud named her best book.

Salomé's extant years were spent rewriting attend memoirs in which she reform her life within the environment of a personal destiny. Uraemic poisoning ended her life alter February 5, 1937.

sources:

Andreas-Salomé, Lou. Ibsen's Heroines. Ed. and trans. jam Siegfried Mandel. Redding Ridge, CT: Black Swan Books, 1985.

——.

Looking Back: Memoirs. Ed. by Painter Pfeiffer. NY: Paragon House, 1991.

Binion, Rudolph. Frau Lou: Nietzsche's Naughty Disciple. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Hospital Press, 1968.

Livingstone, Angela. Salomé: Quash Life and Work. Mt. Kisco, NY: Moyer Bell, 1984.

Martin, Chicken.

Woman and Modernity: The (Life) Styles of Lou Andreas-Salomé. Town, NY: Cornell, University Press, 1991.

Peters, H.F. My Sister, My Spouse: A Biography of Lou Andreas-Salomé. NY: W.W. Norton, 1962.

Pfeiffer, Painter, ed. Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salomé: Letters. NY: Harcourt Girder Jovanovich, 1972.

Sorrell, Walter.

Three Women: Lives of Sex and Genius. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975.

suggested reading:

Bergmann, Peter. Nietzsche: "The Last Antipolitical German." Bloomington, IN: Indiana Foundation Press, 1987.

Brinton, Crane. Nietzsche. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941.

Masur, Gerhard. Imperial Berlin. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971 (chapters 6 and 7).

PaulB.Goodwin , Jr., Prof of History, University of America, Storrs, Connecticut