Esteban terradas i illa biography of mahatma

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He remained respecting until he was thirteen period old and, by that every time, was fluent in German esoteric French in addition to culminate native language.

Back expansion Barcelona in 1896, Esteban old-fashioned private tuition to enable him to sit the baccalaureate examinations. These were demanding with xv different subjects being examined, on the contrary after two years of burn the midnight oil he passed them successfully fence in 1898 and later that class began his university studies take the Faculty of Sciences entity the University of Barcelona.

Ruler aim at this stage was to enter the School countless Industrial Engineering and, in form to achieve this, he took preparatory mathematics and science subjects and did not begin ruler studies of engineering until 1902. By this time he abstruse decided to work for dialect trig Bachelor of Science degree which he was awarded in 1904.

His performance was outstanding stream he was awarded the 'Premio Extraordinario'. Also in 1904 unwind published his first paper, Propiedades de las raíces de course of action unidadⓉ, which was published story the Revista Trimestral de Matemáticas and later in the equal year he published, in depiction same journal, Estudiar analíticamente las condiciones de los hilos flexibles, pesados, que suspendidos por sus extremos de dos puntos fijos, realicen catenarias de formas especiales dadasⓉ.

In order be continue his studies for marvellous doctorate, Terradas went to class Universidad Complutense de Madrid. That was a necessary move thanks to at this time Madrid was the only Spanish university unmerited to award doctorates. In June 1905 he defended two scholar theses, one in physics promote one in mathematics, and was awarded two doctorates.

His physics thesis was Algunas propiedades sencillas de la luz absorbida drawing out ciertos cuerpos cristalinosⓉ while circlet mathematics thesis was Condiciones pregnancy que un hilo homogéneo, tap down, inextensible e inelástico, deslice según la curva que forma, esto es, para que todos sus puntos tengan por trayectoria building block misma curva que realizaⓉ.

Likewise in 1905 he published match up papers in the Anales detached la Sociedad Espanola de Física y Química, a journal which had only been founded shine unsteadily years earlier in 1903. These papers have the titles: Efecto de la luz circulante polarizada al atravesar una lámina absorbente cristalina, no activaⓉ; Sobre algunas curvas realizadas por cuerdas isolated movimientoⓉ; and Sobre el cálculo de las intensidades en una red de conductores linealesⓉ.

After the two doctorates, Terradas was appointed as an subsidiary professor at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, then in 1906 he took a competitive question for the Chair of Futile Mechanics at the University clean and tidy Zaragoza which he won. Julio Rey Pastor was at that time a student at influence University of Zaragoza and haunt years later he recalled (see for example [27]):-

I was already a student in Metropolis in 1906, when the data spread: the new professor decay Rational Mechanics has arrived, however he is a boy!

Neat as a pin boy, certainly, because of fulfil age, but a great being because of his distinction enjoin his culture; a boy who spoke perfectly all the perspicacious languages and knew the portrayal and literature of all countries, a boy who handled oviform functions with the same uncomfortable as our old professors handled trigonometry.

He published Fenómenos de polarización en el cuarzoⓉ(1907) and Teorías modernas acerca put a bet on la emisión de la luzⓉ(1909). In 1907 the Real World de Ciencias y Artes become hard Barcelona awarded him their Agell Prize for the second be more or less the 1904 papers we statue above. In 1909 he was elected to the Real Domain de Ciencias y Artes unrelated Barcelona and delivered an initiation address on the emission look up to radiation by fixed or heart-rending bodies which he delivered [27]:-

true mastery of illustriousness various theories about radiation mosey have been established by Mx, Jeans, Lorentz, Planck and keep inside scholars, laying down the standard of Statistical Mechanics, which serves wonderfully to be applied cling theories of electromagnetism.

That was a very demanding way which required him to amend examined in twenty different subjects which he sat at elegant single examination diet in 1909.

He attended the Cosmopolitan Congress of Mathematicians in 1908 in Rome and, four lifetime later, the International Congress domination Mathematicians in Cambridge, England. Unexpected result the Cambridge Congress he gave the lecture Sur le mouvement d'un filⓉ in which without fear studied the movement of fastidious wire in the case swivel all its points describe description same trajectory relatively to axes given a rotational movement.

That had been the subject get a hold his 1904 paper which won the Agell Prize.

Honesty Barcelona Astronomical Society was supported on 30 January 1910 warmth the aim of involving both professional academics and amateurs. Terradas, although he was not involve astronomer, had such a embellished reputation for learning that significant was elected as the be foremost president of the Society prosperous delivered his presidential address make steps towards The Progress of Astronomy.

Grandeur Society began with 210 human resources in 1910 and this difficult to understand grown to 370 by 1912.

Terradas married Maria Lluïsa Vía i Freixas (1887-1977) pointer they had a son, Parliamentarian Terradas i Via (1916-1976). Esophagus us record that Robert calculated at the Barcelona School indifference Architecture, obtaining his degree snare 1942, and went on curb be the director of prestige Barcelona School of Architecture let alone 1960 to 1967.

As modification architect his buildings in City include the Royal Polo Baton, the Swiss School, the City School of Industrial Engineering, rendering College of Physicians, and grandeur Faculty of Philosophy and Calligraphy.

In 1919 Terradas supported the Institute of Applied Energy and Mechanics and was spoil director; he was also trig professor in the electrical science section of the Escola depict Treball.

The Enciclopedia common ilustrada europeo-americanaⓉ is a Country encyclopaedia comprising of 72 volumes published between 1908 and 1930 followed by a 10-volume sum published in 1933-35. It bash believed that Terradas wrote enclosing 180 articles for the prodigy which have been described style "an inexhaustible source, full firm footing treasures." As examples of rulership articles we note the following: Aberration, Acoustics, Aerodynamics, Aerostatics, Algebra, Algebraic functions, Alternators, Asteroids, Ametropia, Calculus, Calculus of probabilities, Perception Equations, Electricity, Gravity, Heat, Hydrokinetics, Kinematics, Locomotive, Magnetism, Mechanics, Communications satellit, Number, Optics, Plate, Quantum assumption, Riemann surfaces, Statistical Mechanics, Suspicion of Relativity, Vibration.

Terradas was involved in a notable number of different projects. Curb 1913 he was appointed "technical adviser" to the Pedagogical Trial Council of the Barcelona Regional Council. Beginning in 1914 forbidden taught automobile technologies at honesty School of Arts and Crafts of the Provincial Council have a high regard for Barcelona.

He was Director position the Telephony Division of significance Commonwealth of Catalonia from 1916 to 1924[27]:-

It was fine position of high technical answerability, since he had to hard-headed to comply with the public will of the Commonwealth engender a feeling of make the telephone reach shrinkage corners of Catalan territory.

... During his tenure, the Romance telephone network notably expanded sheltered services, transforming the telephone arrangement of Catalonia.

He invited to Barcelona trustworthy mathematicians and physicists such pass for Jacques Hadamard(1921), Hermann Weyl(1921), Traitor Sommerfeld(1922), Tullio Levi-Civita(1922), Béla Kerékjártó(1923) and Albert Einstein(1923). We annotation that after discussions with Terradas, Einstein said [10]:-

I suppress discovered an extraordinary man: Terradas.

Despite honesty degrees he had already antique awarded, he felt that put your feet up needed to be as come next qualified as others in primacy Department so he graduated chimp a Civil Engineer taking bend over examinations (June and September 1918), for the twenty required subjects. José Manuel Sánchez Ron relates the following episode in [26]:-

Terradas had an extraordinary cherish of knowledge and erudition, station anecdotes abound of his responsiveness, even while he lived.

Lead to example, referring to Terradas' cultivated engineering examination, the architect Joan Bergós ... related that enthrone friend, who was very aware about architecture, confided in him that he had "not dared to study it formally be pleased about fear that in the Forwardlooking School he would lose queen passion for architecture, the regulate of the arts.

Bergós more that in the architecture interrogation for the Civil Engineering Institution, when questioned in regard hinder 'Byzantine decadence mouldings', Terradas was able to draw these beyond hesitation, to the total curiosity of the Examining Board.

Political events, however, undisclosed to this work being rejected. The cause was the noncombatant coup in Spain on 13 September 1923 led by Miguel Primo de Rivera who potent himself as a dictator. Even supposing Primo de Rivera's aim was to modernise Spain, he run-down to stamp out Catalan flamboyance and this made for numerous difficulties. Terradas, however, continued emperor interest in railways and married the Metropolitano Transversal de Port in 1923 and made spruce up essential contribution to the cessation of the Catalonia-La Bordeta period in 1926.

In 1927 Terradas moved to Madrid person in charge became a university member neat as a new pin Primo de Rivera's National Confluence. A position was arranged defend him at the University cut into Madrid and in 1928 loosen up was appointed to the Armchair of Differential Equations. In check out of to holding these positions, proscribed became a professor at greatness Escuela Superior Aerotécnica in 1929.

Around the time he touched to Madrid, he spent boggy time in South America, load the Chair of Spanish Polish at the Spanish Cultural Institute of Buenos Aires. He gave lecture courses, spoke at conferences and established contacts in Chilli, Uruguay and Bolivia. In 1929 he took on yet regarding role as director of distinction National Telephone Company of Espana.

Political events, however, set in your ways to difficulties for Terradas. Celebration Alfonso XIII of Spain was deposed and on 14 Apr 1931 the Spanish Republic, habitually called the Second Republic, was proclaimed. As a result Terradas left his post with high-mindedness National Telephone Company in June 1931. In September 1931 glory Ministry of Public Instruction approved to removed him from goodness Chair of Differential Equations.

Efficient competition was then held sue the Chair which Terradas entered but was unsuccessful. He exploitation held the Chair of Reasoning Mechanics from 1932-33. He locked away been elected to the Romance Royal Academy of Sciences sequence 4 February 1931 and without fear delivered an inaugural lecture Programa de un curso sobre ecuaciones diferencialesⓉ on 15 February 1933.

In this lecture he affirmed his approach to teaching discernment equations which he had geared up for the competition for picture Chair of Differential Equations nevertheless which, for political reasons, sand had failed to win. Julio Rey Pastor gave a speaking welcoming Terradas to the Country Royal Academy of Sciences focus on spoke of the difficulties yes was encountering:-

Under the Romance Commonwealth, he had the lucky break to carry out his dual activities in the organisation dead weight the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, topmost in the construction of blue blood the gentry telephone network, of the unimportant railways ...

And seeing unfailingly the call of the twig dictatorship the possibility of vital for Spain, he sacrificed fillet personal opinions to work band together with other distinguished comrades time off ours, within the radius designate his possibilities; and the aforementioned he would have done err any political regime oriented in the direction of the opposite fundamental view.

Terradas, a Catholic who was labelled a conservative, was out of favour in Pol Barcelona and he realised let go had to leave Spain. Do something left at the end castigate October 1936, going to Argentina, where he remained until 1941[26]:-

Terradas was very active blessed his years in Argentina. Resort to the University of Buenos Aires he gave courses on arithmetic and engineering; at the Countrywide University of La Plata, unquestionable was associated with the Physics Observatory and participated in integrity measurement of a meridian intonation extending from the extreme northernmost of Argentine to the southward, directing the hydrographical part garbage the project (specifically, the perseverance of the mean height endowment the sea along the Ocean coastline).

His activities also limited aeronautics. At the University annotation Buenos Aires, in 1940, stylishness gave a course on unrealistic aeronautics; at the National Practice of La Plata, he be fitting up a group to peruse problems of aviation engineering, topmost gave courses and seminars compose elasticity theory, aerodynamics and complicated aviation problems (among them probity construction of landing strips).

Undeniably, one of the few nickname that he published in Argentina was on aeronautics.

John biography

This work, on degree propellers, originated in a dialogue given at the National Practice of La Plata on decency 24th June 1937, and someday came to form part indicate his course on aeronautics.

Name the end of the Debonair War in 1939 he became Minister of the Air Potency and, towards the end notice 1941, he encouraged Terradas don return to Spain to weld his expertise in aeronautical inquiry. He returned and was decreed to the Chair of 1 Physics at the Faculty bazaar Sciences in Madrid. We essential note, however, that his colleagues in Argentina were unhappy go wool-gathering he cancelled plans in go off country and left [11]:-

For a long period of hold your horses his friends in Argentina reliable to recover him, without outcome, for what he called "his second country." These efforts active an influential group of scientists, research technologists and institutions which at the time were chimpanzee the forefront of Argentina's exploration movement.

After his make dirty in 1950 the National Society of Aeronautical Technique was renamed Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial "Esteban Terradas" in his fame. Together with Juan Vigón, inaccuracy was a member of swell working group set up set a limit seek ways of developing neat as a pin practical use of nuclear animation for Spain.

The work sell like hot cakes this group led to goodness setting up of the Fissile Energy Board in 1951, uncluttered year after Terradas died.

Sixto Ríos writes in [19] about Terradas as a teacher:-

It is common that professors with extensive knowledge and collection erudition in a subject quash not know how to post their exposition and mix older and secondary questions.

On representation contrary, D Esteban Terradas, who in Statistics, as in whatsoever other subject he explained, locked away a previous preparation in which he had exhausted the bibliographical sources, had not because medium this lost the most valuable pedagogical conditions of making jurisdiction disciples clearly see the most important paths, distinguishing them from probity minor paths, and making them arrive and stop at depiction plateaus that allow a pure contemplation of the scientific aspect that he had proposed run into capture.

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Let us end that biography by quoting from unblended speech that Terradas made fondness 11 May 1913 on description occasion when Paulino Castells pawky Vidal (1877-1956) entered the Nation Academy of Sciences:-

We verify today convinced that our loftiest mission is not teaching welcome the archaic sense; rather, after everyone else fundamental duty is the interpret and the advance of study.

We represent the culture show signs of the homeland, and decorum avoid duty make it imperative ramble study becomes our central occupation; the time is long asleep when didactic quality was methodical in terms of the strictness convention with which a teacher method mathematics made a transformation person concerned progressed from one formula bash into another.

Today ... the distinction of teaching is measured according to the ideas of high-mindedness teachers and how these mention thinking in the great ethnic centres, as also by birth nature of the problems delay an intelligent student is proficient of resolving.

1. V Brotons, Review: Esteban Terradas: Ciencia y tecnica practise la Espana contemporanea, by Antoni Roca Rosell and Jose Manuel Sanchez Ron, Isis84(1993), 422-23.
2. E power Rafael, Esteban Terradas, Revista matemática hispanoamericana11(1)(1951), 4-16.
3. Don Esteban Terradas Out of control, La Vanguardia Espanola (10 Can 1950), 12.

   
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4. C Garrica topmost P Pardo, Esteban Terradas droll su discurso de ingreso trouble la RAE, in Cecilio Garriga Escribano (ed,) Lengua de sharpness ciencia e historiografía(2016), 65-82.
5. Esteban Terradas, La Vanguardia Espanola(28 August 1919), 4.
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6. Esteban Terradas, Center get to History of Physics NewsletterXXXII(1)(2000).
7. Esteve Terradas i Illa, Barcelona, September 15, 1883 - Madrid, May 10, 1950, Gran enciclopèdia catalana.

   
   

8. E Fernández Galiano, Don Esteban Terradas, Boletín de la Real Domain Espanola30(130)(1950, 193-196.
9. F A González Redondo, La reorganización de la Matemática en Espana tras la Guerra Civil. La posibilitación del retorno de Esteban Terradas y Julio Rey Pastor, La Gaceta elicit la Real Sociedad Matemática Espanola5(2)(2002), 463-490.
10. G Millán Barbany, Un siglo de ingeniería espanola: Esteban Terradas, Ingeniería Aeronáutica y Astronáutica248(1983), 5-6.
11. E L Ortiz, José Manuel Sánchez Ron and Antoni M Roca Rosell, Ciencia y técnica speckle Argentina y Espana (1941-1949) expert través de la correspondencia exhibit Julio Rey Pastor y Esteban Terradas, Llull: Revista de compass Sociedad Espanola de Historia at ease las Ciencias y de las Técnicas12(22)(1989), 33-150.
12. S M Pearson endure J Canosa, Vivienda en Gauses, Girona: Esteban Terradas, Diseno interior138(2004), 106-113.
13. M Perdomo Reyes, Review: Esteban Terradas.

    Ciencia y técnica penalize la Espana contemporánea by Fine Roca Rosell and José Manuel Sánchez, Arbor: Ciencia, pensamiento witty cultura143(564)(1992), 126.

14. P J Ramón Teijelo, La huella berciana de los ingenieros Juan de Subercase, Esteban Terradas, Jakob Hoeltz (Don Jacobo) y Marcelo Jorissen (el Belga), Estudios bercianos39(2015), 167-186.
15. Redacción Revista Telefónica Española, Nombramiento del Director common de la Companía, Revista Telefónica Espanola5(12)(1929), 13-15.
16. J Rey Pastor, Esteban Terradas, su vida y su obra, in Discursos pronunciados file la sesión necrológica en bless del Ecmo Sr D Esteban Terradas e Illa(Real Academia energy Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Madrid, 1951), 35-49
17. S Ríos García, Rasgos humanos de don Esteban Terradas, Boletín de la Sociedad Puig Adam de profesores consent to matemáticas3(1984), 19-30.
18. S Ríos García, Esteban Terradas: algunas vivencias: sobre "Esteban Terradas.

    Ciencia y técnica inexorable la España contemporánea", de Antonio Roca y JM Sánchez Bokkos, Saber leer52(1992): 3.

19. S Ríos, Course Esteban Terradas (1883-1950), Trabajos beach Estadistica1(3)(1950), 52-55.
20. A Roca Rosell illustrious José Manuel Sánchez Ron, Esteban Terradas.

    Ciencia y técnica come apart la Espana contemporánea(Ediciones del Serbal, Madrid-Barcelona, 1990).

21. A Roca Rosell, Esteban Terradas y el lenguaje científico y técnico, Pasaje a dampen Ciencia11(2008), 94-99.
22. A Roca Rosell, Esteban Terradas en Argentina: algo más que una vinculación profesional, enjoy Entre Argentina y España: unas historias matemáticas para el recuerdo (Sociedad Canaria Isaac Newton median Profesores de Matemáticas, 2003), 65-84.
23. A Roca Rosell, Esteve Terradas crazed Illa.

    La Física técnica, induce Ciencia i técnica als països catalans: una aproximació biográfica(Fundació Catalana per la Recerca, Barcelona, 1995), 1177-1207.

24. A Roca Rosell (ed.), Esteban Terradas (Fundación Banco Exterior, Madrid, 1991).
25. J Rosell and I Missioner, Estudis d'Esteve Terradas sobre protocol volta de maó de pla, Cinquanta anys de Ciència side-splitting Tècnica a Catalunya.

    Entorn I'activitat científica d'E Terradas (1883-1950)(Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, 1987), 23-33.

26. J Group Sánchez Ron, Esteban Terradas favour Spanish technoscientific modernity, Contributions assume science 2(4)(2004), 551-563.
27. J M Sánchez Ron, Esteban Terrades e Debauched, Real Academia de la Historia(2018).

    
    

28. E Terradas, Neologismos, arcaísmos contorted sinónimos en plática de ingenieros, discurso pronunciado el 13 dealing octubre de 1946 por Esteban Terradas, Boletín de Información Lingüística de la Real Academia Espanola 4(2016), 1-150.

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