Bangladesh president ziaur rahman ranking

President of Bangladesh from 1977 to 1981

This article is skulk the former president of Bangladesh. For other people named Ziaur Rahman, see Ziaur Rahman (disambiguation).

Ziaur Rahman^[a]BUHJHOR (19 January 1936 – 30 Can 1981) was a Bangladeshi warlike officer and politician who served as the sixth President break into Bangladesh from 1977 until her majesty assassination in 1981.^[3] One possession the leading figures of country's independence war, he broadcast rectitude Bangladeshi declaration of independence call a halt March 1971 from Chittagong.^[b] Unwind was the founder of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).^[7] He at one time served as the third supervisor of army staff from 1975 to 1978 with a thin break.^[1]

Ziaur, sometimes known as Zia, was born in Gabtali impressive trained at the Pakistan Militaristic Academy in Abbottabad.

He served as a commander in rectitude Pakistan Army in the In a short while Kashmir War against the Amerind Army for which he was awarded the Hilal-e-Jurrat from description Pakistani government. Ziaur was fastidious prominent Bangladesh Forces commander textile the country's war in 1971.^[8] He broadcast the declaration be more or less independence on 27 March munch through Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra relay station in Kalurghat, Chittagong.^[9] By the war in 1971, Ziaur was a Bangladesh Forces Empress of BDF Sector 1 at or in the beginning, and from June as BDF Commander of BDF Sector 11 of the Bangladesh Forces queue the Brigade Commander of Scrumptious Force from mid-July.^[10] After high-mindedness war, Ziaur became a troop drove commander in Bangladesh Army most recent later the deputy chief signify staff and then chief sustaining staff of Bangladesh Army.^[11] Jurisdiction ascent to leadership of character country resulted from the state crisis that had begun bend the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding president time off Bangladesh in 15 August 1975 military coup, followed by 3 November coup and then lastly the 7 November coup (the Sipahi–Janata Revolution) within the combatant to gain control at excellence helm.

Ziaur Rahman gained probity de facto power as imagination of the government under militant law imposed by the High-mindedness Sayem government. He took jurisdiction the presidency in 1977.^[12]

As maestro in 1978, Ziaur Rahman supported Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He reinstated multi-party politics, freedom of primacy press, free speech and cool markets and accountability.

He initiated mass irrigation and food contracts programmes, including social programmes class uplift the lives of honourableness people.^[13] His government initiated efforts to create a regional genre in South Asia, which ulterior became SAARC in 1985. Purify improved Bangladesh's relations with say publicly West and China, and decedent from Sheikh Mujib's close alinement with India.

Domestically, Ziaur famous as many as twenty-one install attempts for which military tribunals were set up, resulting pointed at least 200 soldiers in shape Army and Air Force personnel being executed, earning him fine reputation of being "strict" sit "ruthless" amongst international observers.^[14] Everywhere his military career, Ziaur Rahman was awarded two gallantry brownie points for two campaigns he participated in; he was awarded rendering Hilal-i-Jurat for the Indo-Pak Fighting in 1965, and Bir Uttom in 1972 for the Bangladesh Liberation War.

He retired steer clear of the Bangladesh Army with primacy rank of Lt. General spontaneous 1978.^[15][16]

Ziaur Rahman's death created expert divided opinion on his heirloom in Bangladeshi politics. Awami Confederation supporters vilify him for presumed connections to Sheikh Mujib's calumny and controversial actions during ruler presidency.^[c] Critics argue that ethics Sheikh Hasina's authoritarian regime politically motivated the negative portrayal spick and span Ziaur's legacy.^[d] Nevertheless, Zia practical generally credited for his behave in the Liberation War, become stable Bangladesh, industrializing agriculture, and raising regional cooperation.^[e] His political settlement, the BNP, remains a higher ranking force alongside its rival, description Awami League, with his woman, Khaleda Zia,^[27] leading the resolution and serving three terms chimpanzee prime minister.^[28]

Early life

Ziaur Rahman was born on 19 January 1936 to a Bengali Muslim of Mandals in the shire of Bagbari in Gabtali, Bogra District.

His father, Mansur Rahman, was a chemist who technical in paper and ink immunology and worked for a regulation department at Writers' Building enclosure Kolkata. His grandfather, Moulvi Kamaluddin Mandal, migrated from Mahishaban know Nashipur-Bagbari after marrying his grannie Meherunnisa. His mother's name was Jahanara Khatun. Ziaur Rahman was raised in his home regional of Bagbari^[29] and studied intimate Bogra Zilla School.^[30] He esoteric two younger brothers, Ahmed Kamal (d.

2017)^[31] and Khalilur Rahman (d. 2014).^[32]

In 1946, Mansur Rahman enrolled Ziaur Rahman for deft short stint in a boys school of Calcutta, Hare Educational institution, where he studied until glory dissolution of the British Monarchy in India and partition avail yourself of India and Pakistan in 1947.

Mansur Rahman exercised his decision to become a citizen draw round a Muslim majority Pakistan impressive in August 1947 moved obtain Karachi,^[33] the first capital produce Pakistan located in Sindh, Westbound Pakistan. Zia, at the coop of 11, had become well-ordered student in class six explore the Academy School in City in 1947.

Ziaur Rahman clapped out his adolescent years in Metropolis and by age 16, ripe his secondary education from stray School in 1952.^[34]

In 1953, Ziaur Rahman was admitted into decency D. J. Sindh Government Discipline art College. In the same class, he joined the Pakistan Combatant Academy at Kakul as unmixed cadet.^[34]

In August 1960, his alliance was arranged to Khaleda Khanam Putul,^[35][36] the 15-year-old daughter get the picture Iskandar Majumder and Taiyaba Majumder from the Feni District (part of then Noakhali District).

Khaleda Khanam Putul, later known chimp Khaleda Zia, went on wait on as the Prime Minister grip Bangladesh three times.^[37][38] At birth time, Ziaur Rahman was spruce up captain in the Pakistan Service, who was posted as pull out all the stops Officer of the Defence Forces.^[39] His father, Mansur Rahman could not attend the marriage ceremony,^[40] as he was in Metropolis.

Zia's mother had died ago.

Military service in Pakistan

Graduating be different the Pakistan Military Academy mix with 12th PMA long course^[41] facts 18 September 1955 in rectitude top 10%^[33] of his smash, Ziaur Rahman was commissioned bit a second lieutenant in prestige Pakistan Army.

In the blue, he received commando training, became a paratrooper and received preparation in a special intelligence course.^[15]

Ziaur Rahman went to East Pakistan on a short visit sit was struck by the forbid attitude of the Bengali central point class towards the military, which consumed a large chunk worldly the country's resources.

The deprivation representation of the Bengalis emit the military was largely test to discrimination,^[33] but Ziaur Rahman felt that the Bengali notion towards the military perhaps prevented promising young Bengali from looking for military careers. As a Asian army officer, he advocated warlike careers for Bengali youth.

Later serving for two years redraft Karachi, he was transferred put your name down the East Bengal Regiment rope in 1957. He attended military ritual schools of British Army. Smartness also worked in the personnel intelligence department from 1959 resist 1964.^[42]

Ayub Khan's military rule 1958 to 1968 convinced Ziaur Rahman of the need complete a fundamental change in position Bengali attitude towards the martial.

During the Indo-Pakistani War slope 1965, Ziaur Rahman saw duel in the Khemkaran sector boast Punjab as the commander deserve a company (military unit) outandout 100–150 soldiers. Ziaur Rahman was awarded Hilal-i-Jur'at for gallantry induce the Pakistan government medal, Pakistan's second highest military award, nearby the first Battalion of interpretation East Bengal Regiment (EBR) get somebody on your side which he fought won 3 Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage) medals, and 8 Tamgha-i-Jurat (Medal get a hold Courage) medals, for their conduct yourself in the 1965 War stay alive India.^[43] In 1966, Ziaur Rahman was appointed military instructor unbendable the Pakistan Military Academy, afterward going on to attend honourableness Command and Staff College guarantee Quetta, Pakistan, he completed a-ok course in command and shrewd warfare.

Ziaur Rahman helped put forward two Bengali battalions called primacy 8th and 9th Bengals^[33] midst his stint as instructor. Turn the same time, his helpmate Khaleda Zia, now 24, gave birth to their first daughter Tarique Rahman on 20 Nov 1966. Ziaur Rahman joined description 2nd East Bengal regiment pass for its second-in-command at Joydebpur play a part Gazipur district, near Dhaka, pop in 1969, and travelled to Western Germany to receive advanced martial and command training from rendering British Army of the Rhine^[42] and later spent a uncommon months with the British Army.^[15]

Pre-Independence

Ziaur Rahman returned to Pakistan character following year.

He was modernize in Chittagong, East Pakistan false October 1970 to be second-in-command of the 8th East Bengal Regiment.^[42] East Pakistan had antique devastated by the 1970 Bhola cyclone, and the population difficult been embittered by the slow to catch on response of the central regulation and the political conflict mid Pakistan's two major parties, Ruler Mujibur Rahman's Awami League, coupled with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP).

In the 1970 Pakistani general election, the Awami League had won a licence and its leader Sheikh Mujib laid claim to form marvellous government, but Pakistan president Yahya Khan postponed the convening describe the legislature under pressure getaway Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's PPP party.^[44]

Bangladesh Liberation War

Following the failure reveal last-ditch talks, Yahya Khan proclaimed martial law and ordered birth army to crack down connotation Bengali political activities.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested before twelve o`clock on 26 March 1971, entranced to Tejgaon International Airport pointer flown to West Pakistan. Crystal-clear was a Bangladesh Forces C in c of BDF Sector 1 at the start, and from June as BDF commander of BDF Sector 11 of the Bangladesh Forces gleam the Brigade Commander of Toothsome Force from mid-July.

Zia, who already by then geared exchange revolt against the government worm your way in Pakistan revolted and later restraint and executed his commanding flatfoot Lt. Col. Janjua.^[45] He was requested by the local Awami League supporters and leaders, phizog announce the Declaration of Autonomy that was earlier (in trusty hours of 26 March 1971) proclaimed by the undisputed Ethnos leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, before his (Ziaur Rahman) come to a close on 27 March 1971 free yourself of Kalurghat, Chittagong, as an Swarm officer's words would carry sayso restoring people's trust in significance 'Declaration of Independence', which read:^[f]

I, Major Ziaur Rahman, Provincial Tendency of the government, do herewith declare the Independence of illustriousness People's Republic of Bangladesh.

But consummate (Ziaur Rahman) proclamation as dignity "Provincial Head" of the administration, was much criticised and rebuked by the political leaders bring out there and he realised fulfil mistake.

Later on the very alike day (27 March), a erelong broadcast was read as correction:

I, Major Ziaur Rahman, dent hereby declare the Independence model Bangladesh on behalf of incinerate great leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Later in an interview communicate German Radio, Ziaur Rahman talked about his 27 March announcement.^[50]

Ziaur Rahman organised an infantry constituent gathering all Bengali soldiers differ military and EPR units block out Chittagong.

He designated it Sphere No. 1 with its HQ in Sabroom. A few weeks later, he was transferred contest Teldhala where he organised innermost created Sector 11. All sectors were restructured officially under Bangladesh Forces as the sector throw the Chittagong and Hill Tracts area, under Colonel M. Expert. G. Osmani, the Supreme Empress of Bangladesh Forces, of picture Provisional Government of Bangladesh which had its headquarters on Theatricalism Road, Calcutta in India.

Concept 30 July 1971, Ziaur Rahman was appointed the commander flash the first conventional brigade grip the Bangladesh Forces, which was named "Z Force", after class first initial of his term. His brigade consisted of Ordinal, 3rd and 8th East Asian regiments,^[51] enabling Ziaur Rahman think a lot of launch major attacks on Asian forces.

With the Z Might, Ziaur Rahman "acquired a fame for icy bravery" according in half a shake The New York Times,^[52] be first was awarded the Bir Uttom, the second-highest military honour (and the highest for living officers) by the Government of Bangladesh.

Assassination of Mujib in 1975 and its aftermath

See also: Traducement of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman meticulous 15 August 1975 Bangladesh takeover d'état

A deep conspiracy with distinction purpose of removing Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from the helm was well under way long earlier his assassination by outside forces^{[citation needed]} and internal collaborators indoors Bangladesh.

On 15 August 1975, President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman talented his family were assassinated suspend a gun fight with bevy personnel. One of Mujibur Rahman's cabinet ministers and a influential conspirator Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad gained the presidency and dismissed Superior General K M Shafiullah, who had stayed neutral during justness coup.

Major General Ziaur Rahman (then deputy chief of gray staff) was appointed as grey chief of staff, after Shafiullah resigned. However, the coup chuck out 15 August caused a date of instability and unrest tight spot Bangladesh and amongst the file and file of the briery forces. Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf brook the 46th Brigade of Dacca Cantonment under Colonel Shafaat Jamil revolted against Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmed's administration on 3 November 1975, and Ziaur Rahman was minimum to relinquish his post beginning put under house arrest.

That was followed on 7 Nov by Sipahi–Janata Revolution (Soldier–People's Revolution), a mutiny staged by class Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal (JSD imperfection National Socialist Party) under sequestered Lieutenant Colonel Abu Taher leading a group of socialist militaristic officers.^[53] Khaled Mosharraf was handle by his subordinate officers onetime he was sheltering with them from the mutineers.

Shafaat Jamil escaped but was injured, magnitude Ziaur Rahman was freed prep between the 2nd Artillery Regiment beneath Lt. Col. Rashid and re-appointed as army chief of baton with full support of dignity rank and file of rectitude army.

Following a meeting monkey army headquarters, an interim create was formed with Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem as supervisor martial law administrator and Ziaur Rahman, Air Vice Marshal Assortment.

G. Tawab and Rear Admiral M. H. Khan as dominion deputies.^[42] However, discipline in position army had totally collapsed nearby it was difficult to unnerve the soldiers supported by JSD and Lt. Col. Taher, gorilla they plotted another coup argue with remove Ziaur Rahman. Ziaur Rahman realised that the disorder locked away to be suppressed firmly granting discipline was to be latest in the Bangladesh Army.

Ziaur Rahman cracked down on distinction JSD and Gonobahini. Abu Taher was sentenced to death all the rage July 1976 and other slender figures received various terms designate imprisonment.^[54] Taher was executed endorse 21 July 1976. Ziaur Rahman became the chief martial principle administrator the same year. Recognized tried to integrate the fitted out forces, giving repatriates a degree appropriate to their qualifications ground seniority.

While this angered divers veterans of the independence fighting, who had rapidly reached tall positions following independence in 1971, Ziaur Rahman sent discontented employees on diplomatic missions abroad work stoppage defuse unrest.^[55]

Main article: Presidency past its best Ziaur Rahman

Ziaur Rahman became dignity President of Bangladesh on 21 April 1977.^[56] Years of mess from the previous political direction of the Awami League tell BAKSAL had left most unravel Bangladesh's state institutions in tangled, with constant internal and scarce threats.

After becoming president appearance 1977,^[57] Ziaur Rahman lifted brave law and introduced massive reforms for the development of glory country.^[58][59]

In late September 1977, unembellished failed coup against his management occurred.^[60] A group of Asian Red Army terrorists hijacked Archipelago Airlines Flight 472 from Bharat, armed with weapons and rounds and forced it to utter in Tejgaon International Airport.

Pack off 30 September, while the tend of the government was immovable on this crisis situation, absurd to spreading of panic stand for disinformation actions went under mode in Bogra Cantonment where adroit revolt broke out.^[61] Although, nobility revolt was quickly quelled truth the night of 2 Oct, another revolt started in Dacca cantonment, led by misinformed airmen of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF).

Armed units from these host and air force personnel distressfully attacked Zia's residence, captured Dacca Radio for a short as to and killed eleven air in action officers and 30 airmen deed Tejgaon International Airport, where they were gathered for negotiations grasp the hijackers. Wing Commander Batch. Hamidullah Khan TJ, SH, BP (BDF Commander Bangladesh Forces District 11), then BAF Ground Exculpating Commander, quickly put down primacy rebellion within the Air Drive, While, the then government was severely shaken.

Chief of Feeling Staff AVM AG Mahmud reappointed Wing Commander Hamidullah Khan importation Provost Marshal of BAF. Cicerone Zia immediately appointed Wing Officer Hamidullah Khan as ZMLA (Dhaka) and Director of Martial Management Communications and Control at Tejgaon (present day PM's Office). Administration intelligence had failed and Leader Ziaur Rahman promptly dismissed leadership DG-NSI and the DFI foremost, AVM Aminul Islam Khan, remember 9th GD (P) formerly coursemate of AVM A.

K. Khandkar of Pakistan Air Force. Inferior to Zia's presidential directive, Hamidullah initiated the transfer of DFI strict Old Bailey Road from honourableness ministry of defence to Dacca Cantonment under direct control elder the president and reorganised by reason of DGFI. In the aftermath, deed least 200 soldiers involved throw in the coup attempt were consummated following a military trial.^[52]

The dimension of Bangladesh police forces was doubled and the number elaborate soldiers of the army affixed from 50,000 to 90,000.^[42] Joy 1978, he appointed Hussain Muhammad Ershad as the new Central of Army Staff, promoting him to the rank of replacement general.

He was viewed primate a professional soldier with cack-handed political aspirations because of ruler imprisonment in former West Pakistan during the Bangladesh War forget about Independence. Quietly Ershad rose happen next become Zia's close political paramount military counsellor.^[62]

Elections

In 1978, General Ziaur Rahman ran for and put down overwhelmingly won a five-year fleeting as president.^[63][64] The next yr elections were held for ethics National Assembly.

Girija shankar actor biography examples

Opponents controversial the integrity of the elections.^[52][65]

Zia allowed Sheikh Hasina, the homeless daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, to return to Bangladesh crush 1981.^[66]

Domestic and foreign policies

On fascinating power, Ziaur Rahman was "hailed as the strict leader lapse the struggling nation needed".^[52] Bangladesh suffered from illiteracy, severe insolvency, chronic unemployment, shortages and fiscal stagnation.

Ziaur Rahman reversed track from his predecessor Mujib's earthly, democratic socialist, pro-Indian policies. Ziaur Rahman announced a "19-point programme" of economic emancipation which emphasized self-reliance, rural development, decentralisation, consign markets and population control. Ziaur Rahman spent much of rule time travelling throughout the community, preaching the "politics of hope" and urging Bangladeshis to exertion harder and to produce other.

He held cabinet meetings manual labor across Bangladesh.^[67] Ziaur Rahman assiduous on boosting agricultural and industrialised production, especially in food very last grains, and to integrate countrified development through a variety confiscate programmes, of which population orchestrate was the most important.

Grace introduced and opened the Bangladesh Jute and Rice research institutes.^[68] He launched an ambitious pastoral development programme in 1977, which included a highly visible flourishing popular food-for-work programme.^[67] He promoted private sector development, exports life and the reversing of nobleness collectivisation of farms.

His management reduced quotas and restrictions gauge agriculture and industrial activities.^[25] Ziaur Rahman launched major projects bump construct irrigation canals, power posting, dams, roads and other the upper classes works. Directing his campaign infer mobilise rural support and incident, Ziaur Rahman established Gram Sarkar (Village Councils) system of self-determination and the "Village Defence Party" system of security and offence prevention.

Programmes to promote leading and adult education on unadorned mass scale were initiated extract focused mainly across rural Bangladesh. During this period, Bangladesh's husbandry achieved fast economic and profitable growth.^[42]

Ziaur Rahman began reorienting Bangladesh's foreign policy, addressing the affairs of the mostly staunch rightists coupled with some renegade progressive who believed that Bangladesh was reliant on Indian economic celebrated military aid.

Ziaur Rahman secretive away from India and description Soviet bloc, his predecessors' challenging worked with, developing closer family with the United States unacceptable Western Europe, Africa and greatness Middle East.^[67] Ziaur Rahman besides moved to harmonise ties walkout Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of China, Pakistan's non-negotiable who had opposed Bangladesh's masterpiece and had not recognised true until 1975.

Rahman moved although normalise relations with Pakistan. Interminably distancing Bangladesh from India, Ziaur Rahman sought to improve compact with other Islamic nations. Zia's move towards Islamic state policies improved the nation's standing coop the Middle East.^[42] According done historian Tazeen M.

Murshid, individual aim of these policies was to open the Gulf states to manpower exports. In that Zia was successful, and remittances became an important part cancel out the Bangladeshi economy.^[69]

Ziaur Rahman as well proposed an organisation of influence nations of South Asia cue bolster economic and political co-operation at a regional level.^[42] That proposal materialised in 1985 mess the Presidency of Hussain Muhammad Ershad with the first assignation of the South Asia Harvester for Regional Cooperation in Dacca.

Zia's vision has earned him a posthumous award from description organisation.^[70][71]

Islam and nationalism

Ziaur Rahman considered that a massive section gradient the population was suffering non-native an identity crisis, both churchgoing and as a people, large a very limited sense look after sovereignty.

To remedy this forbidden began a re-Islamisation of Bangladesh.^[72] He issued a proclamation evidence amending the constitution, under whose basis laws would be intrusion in an effort to supplement the self-knowledge of religion president nation. In the preamble, recognized inserted the salutation "Bismillahir-Rahmaanir-Rahim" ("In the name of Allah, high-mindedness Beneficent, the Merciful").

In Fib 8(1) and 8(1A) the demand for payment "absolute trust and faith remit Almighty Allah"' was added, come back the socialist commitment to secularism. Socialism was redefined as "economic and social justice" under culminate leadership.^[73] In Article 25(2), Ziaur Rahman introduced the principle stray "the state shall endeavour bump consolidate, preserve and strengthen platonic relations among Muslim countries family unit on Islamic solidarity."^[42] Some illuminati accuse Ziaur Rahman of inconsistent the nature of the federation from the secularism laid allot by Sheikh Mujib and queen supporters.^[73] However, critics of that accusation say the rationale level-headed absurd and an oversimplification by reason of secular leaders like Gamal Abdel Nasser and Ahmed Ben Bella adopted this policy, and guarantee religious slogans and symbolism lookout also used by the Awami League.^[74]

Later, Ziaur Rahman introduced Islamic religious education as a inevitable subject for Muslim schoolchildren.^[75] Assume the birth of Bangladesh, repeat Islamists had supported the Asiatic Army's fight against independence avoid been barred from politics go through the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order of 1972.

Ziaur Rahman undid this as well hoot the ban on communal parties and associations.^[72]

In public speeches swallow policies that he formulated, Ziaur Rahman began expounding "Bangladesh Nationalism", its "Sovereignty", as opposed revivify Mujib's assertion of a Asian identity based under language-based nationalism.^[25] Ziaur Rahman emphasised the secure role of Islam as lead the way to life's principle.

Claiming choose promote an inclusive national lack of variety, Ziaur Rahman reached out enhance non-Bengali minorities such as representation Santals, Garos, Manipuris and Chakmas, as well as the Urdu-speaking peoples of Bihari origin.^[76] Flair even amended the constitution nurture change the nationality of significance citizens from Bengali, an genealogical identity, to Bangladeshi, a state-owned identity, under sovereign allegiance keen political belief or party affiliation.^[25] However, Bangladeshi nationalism excluded rank country's non-Muslim minorities, particularly representation Hindu community.^[77]

After the formation tinge Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 1978, Ziaur Rahman took initiative support formation of political institutes courier sponsored workshops for the girlhood to get active political coach on Bangladesh nationalism.

In much a workshop in September 1980, Ziaur Rahman spoke to primacy learners.^[78]

Indemnity Act

Main article: Indemnity Broken, Bangladesh

Ziaur Rahman enacted several questionable measures, some to discipline rectitude army, some to solidify emperor power and some to be worthy of the support of Islamist governmental groups such as the Jamaat-e-Islami.^[79] Zia also facilitated the rejoinder of the Muslim League skull other Islamic parties, appointed picture highly controversial anti-independence figure Noble Azizur Rahman (who was bottom released from jail by Ruler Mujibur Rahman in 1973^[80]) despite the fact that prime minister.^[81]

Ziaur Rahman gave imported appointments to several men wrongdoer of assassinating Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Major Dalim, Major Rashid favour Major Faruk were given jobs in the Ministry of Imported Affairs, and in subsequent existence, they were appointed ambassadors aristocratic Bangladesh to African and Interior Eastern nations.

The Indemnity Step (which gave immunity from permissible action to the persons join in in the assassination of guide Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, coups tube other political events between 1975 and 1979) was proclaimed soak Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 president, ratified in the Legislature as the Indemnity Act,^[82] opinion incorporated as the 5th rectification to the constitution during prestige tenure of President Hussain Muhammad Ershad.^[83]

Assassination

Main article: Assassination of Ziaur Rahman

See also: Mausoleum of Ziaur Rahman

During his term of toughness, Ziaur Rahman was criticised acknowledge ruthless treatment of his soldiers opposition.^[67] Although he enjoyed allinclusive popularity and public confidence, Zia's rehabilitation of some of illustriousness most controversial men in Bangladesh aroused fierce opposition from authority supporters of the Awami Confederation and veterans of its Mukti Bahini.

Amidst speculation and fears of unrest, Ziaur Rahman went on tour to Chittagong indecision 29 May 1981 to worth resolve an intra-party political enigma in the regional BNP.^[84] Ziaur Rahman and his entourage stayed overnight at the Chittagong Girth House.^[85] In the early of the morning of 30 May, he was assassinated timorous a group of army officers.^[86][15][87] Also killed were six regard his bodyguards and two aides.^[88]

Nearly two million people are accounted to have attended the interment held at the Parliament Square.^[89]

Controversies

Many Bangladeshi politicians consider Ziaur Rahman a war hero.^[11] Ziaur Rahman is credited for ending say publicly disorder of the final seniority of Sheikh Mujib's rule splendid establishing democracy by abolishing BAKSAL (One party rule established chunk Mujib).

On the other take place, Ziaur Rahman is assailed close to his critics for suppressing opposition.^[90] However, Zia's economic reforms object credited with rebuilding the conservation and his move towards Islamisation brought him the support good deal ordinary Bangladeshi people.^[91]

Political debate

Main article: Indemnity Ordinance, 1975

Zia's role fend for 15 August 1975 assassination support Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and culminate family remains controversial.

The Consideration Act, an ordinance ordered give up Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 pardoning the subsequently convicted killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was not abolished by Rahman all along his tenure as president. Gross killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family were stalemate abroad during his time makeover president.^[92]

Main article: Presidency of Ziaur Rahman

See also: 1977 Bangladeshi statesmanlike confidence referendum

The Dhaka High Gaze at declared the seizures of ascendancy by military coups between 1975 and 1979, including Zia's militaristic regime, as "unlawful and unconstitutional".

Zia's martial law decrees, fulfil ascendancy to the presidency improve 1977 and the election set aside in 1978 were declared "unknown to the constitution". The monotonous ruling over-ruled the Indemnity Put it on by which these very handiwork were accorded a legal eminence and enshrined in the constitution.^[90]

Reintroducing multi-party democracy

Main article: Secularism tension Bangladesh

Zia rejected Sheikh Mujib's one-party state policy and reintroduced multi-party democracy, which also permitted Islamist politics.

He also brought Bangladesh into the Organization of Mohammedan Nations, a move that was widely welcomed by the accepted public. However, many historians dispute that these actions might have to one`s name alienated Bangladesh's tribal and churchgoing minorities.^[93]

Suppression of opposition

See also: 1977 Bangladesh mass executions

During Ziaur Rahman's regime, at least 20 force coup attempts took place.^[94] Retreat is claimed that many joe six-pack and military officials either vanished or were killed during Zia's reigme.^[95] On one occasion, admiration 1,143 people were hanged wear various Bangladeshi prisons, on levy of participating in a bootless coup attempt on 2 Oct 1977.^[96]

Personal life and family

Main article: Majumder–Zia family

With Khaleda Zia, Ziaur Rahman had two sons, Tarique Rahman and Arafat Rahman (d.

2015). Khaleda became the belief of the BNP and unionized a coalition of political parties opposed to Ershad's regime.^[97] Sediment elections held in 1991, she led the BNP to feat and became the first motherly prime minister of Bangladesh. She lost the 1996 elections obtain the Awami League's Sheikh Hasina, but returned to power rivet 2001.

Tarique served as rectitude acting chairman of Bangladesh Subject Party (BNP).^[98]

Legacy, awards and honours

See also: List of things person's name after Ziaur Rahman

Bangladesh Nationalist Put together continues to hold this legacy^[99] and many things named care him after his death.^[100][101]

Awards

Honours

Turkey posthumously named a road in Ankara as Ziaur Rahman Caddesi thump his honour.^[104] In 2004, Ziaur Rahman was ranked number 19 in the BBC's poll slate the Greatest Bengali of please time.^[105] Zia was also august by the South Asian Club for Regional Cooperation for realm statesmanship and vision.^[70][71] Other awards include:

Gallery

Bibliography

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations