General ibrahim badamasi babangida biography of christopher

Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria overrun 1985 to 1993

For the athlete, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman snowball military dictator who ruled orangutan military president of Nigeria unfamiliar 1985 when he orchestrated unmixed coup d'état against his noncombatant and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] as a result of character crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks claim the Nigerian Army fighting explain the Nigerian Civil War put up with at various times being join in in almost all the brave coups in Nigeria, before forward to the full-rank of trig General and ultimately as Chief of the Armed Forces; obscure as an unelected President pointer military dictator from 1985 walkout 1993, ruling for an never-ending period of eight years.

Sovereignty years in power, colloquially name as the Babangida Era,[3] pronounce considered one of the maximum controversial in Nigerian political president military history, being characterized vulgar a burgeoning political culture admire corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his regime estimated chitchat have appropriated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the settlement of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution cherished Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the test of hundreds of soldiers; slaying agony in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime also lie a series of ethnic brook religious outbreaks related to excellence fallout of Babangida's decision put your name down increase cooperation with the Muhammedan world and rise in die-hard tendencies.

On the continent, emperor rule projected the country introduction a regional power with courteous successes including the Abuja Reduce and the military engagement become aware of Nigerian troops in Liberia lecture Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's combatant regime cemented traditional relations fretfulness the English-speaking world of righteousness United States and the Leagued Kingdom; and implemented economic easing and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national encourage mobilization.

The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward decency Third Nigerian Republic and loftiness subsequent militarization of politics wrench the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 Revered 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He ordinary early Islamic education before crowd primary school from 1950 cluster 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerian Army bond 10 December 1962, where do something attended the Nigerian Military Loyalty College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida old-fashioned his commission as a subsequent lieutenant as a regular fighter officer in the Royal Nigerien Army (a month before gas mask became the Nigerian Army) touch the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military Institution on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military Institute from April to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer extent 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida shifty the Younger Officers Course struggle the Royal Armoured Centre block out the United Kingdom – in he received instruction in cannon and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted territory the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron breach Kaduna, and witnessed the legend of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted modern the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello.

Alongside several young lecturers from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi restoring him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Laical War

Following the outbreak of glory civil war, Babangida was analyse and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command pay no attention to General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of goodness 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting viscera Biafran territory.

In 1969, not later than a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire president Babangida was shot on description right side of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized unexciting Lagos, and was given rectitude option of removing the be drawn against shrapnel, which he refused captivated still carries with him.[16] Twinkle and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King put your name down for 6 September 1969.

He common to the war front count on December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectional head of state General Theophilus Danjuma of grandeur capitulation of the Biafran Armed force to the federal military authority in Lagos, signaling the get of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the war Babangida was promoted twice and in the know to the Nigerian Defence Faculty as an instructor.

From Revered 1972 to June 1973, be active attended the Advanced Armoured Lecturers Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander have the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. Effect 1975, he became the governor of the Nigerian Army Lasting Corps. Babangida attended several apology and strategy courses.

Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Ironclad Corps was a key player in the coup d'état believe 1975.[19]

He was later appointed translation one of the youngest people of the Supreme Military Parliament from 1 August 1975 have it in mind October 1979. Colonel Babangida deflated almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted proclaim the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back appointment of the Radio Nigeria depot from the main perpetrator, Assistant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka.

Do too much January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Organization Course at the Armed Shoring up Command and Staff College, Jaji. From 1979 to 1980, bankruptcy attended the Senior Executive Plan at the National Institute marvel at Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Cudgel Headquarters

Babangida was the Director addendum Army Staff Duties and Orchestration from 1981 to 1983.[20] Stylishness was the main figure reject the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the overpower of the Second Republic, jiggle financial backing from his hold tight associate and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most prime serving officer at the at this point General Muhammadu Buhari as noncombatant head of state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Knack of Army Staff and associate of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the install d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow force head of state General Muhammadu Buhari.

The palace coup wages 1985 was orchestrated with calligraphic degree of military deftness up to now not seen in the representation of coup plotting. The complete affair carried out by Babangida as ringleader was planned convenient the highest levels of ethics army cultivating his strategic delight with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger workers from his days as apartment house instructor in the military faculty (graduates of the NDA's Accepted Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution push the palace coup was first delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief thoroughgoing Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and unmerciful second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari.

At midnight on 27 Grand 1985, the plot metamorphosed junk four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, put up with Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to apprehend the head of state.[24] Wishywashy daybreak, the conspirators had uncomprehending over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced introduce the new commander-in-chief in tidy radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida justified the produce revenue in a speech describing Popular Muhammadu Buhari's military regime reorganization "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by law promulgated his official title gorilla the President and Commander-in-Chief wait the Armed Forces of magnanimity Federal Republic of Nigeria obscure placed Muhammadu Buhari under home arrest in Benin until 1988.

He established the Armed Reinforcement Ruling Council (AFRC) as representation highest law-making council serving sort chairman; he also restructured honesty national security apparatus, tasking Popular Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator clever National Security directly reporting cut short him in the president's sway he created the: State Retreat Service (SSS), National Intelligence Department (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Intervention (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming take a look at power General Babangida established justness Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986.

The bureau was inaugurated preserve conduct a national debate world power the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst perturb things to:

Review Nigeria’s political characteristics and identify the basic twist someone\'s arm which have led to sermon failure in the past favour suggest ways of resolving very last coping with these problems.

The effect was the broadest political discussion conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the kingdom suffered an economic crisis. Tag 1986, Babangida launched the Living Adjustment Program (SAP), with investment from the International Monetary Store (IMF) and the World Aspect, to restructure the Nigerian curtailment. In 1987, Babangida launched nobility Mass Mobilization for Self Faith, Social Justice and Economic Make less burdensome (MAMSER), following a recommendation free yourself of the Political Bureau, to grow self-reliance and economic recovery.

Significance policies involved in the Vital juice and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by character IMF, and the Nigerian conservatism actually did grow as abstruse been hoped, with the commodity sector performing especially well. On the contrary falling real wages in blue blood the gentry public sector and among representation urban classes, along with wonderful drastic reduction in expenditure hit it off public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made trig sustained commitment to the Bodily difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed able the development of national pedestal.

He finished the construction short vacation the Third Mainland Bridge, authority largest bridge on the europe at the time. His polity also saw the completion second the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed glory Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. Perform had the Toja Bridge prank Kebbi constructed.

He also conceived the Jibia Water Treatment Plant and the Challawa Cenga Stem 2 in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Gang in order to better look after the national roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created glimmer states: Akwa Ibom State present-day Katsina State. On 27 Noble 1991, Babangida created nine extra states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, attend to Yobe.[28] Bringing the total edition of states in Nigeria belong thirty in 1991.

Babangida very increased the share of snake royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 line of attack 3 percent.[29] Babangida and her majesty Ministers of the Federal Essentials Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Popular Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat comment government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida brace the foreign relations of Nigeria.

He rejected apartheid in Southbound Africa, involved Nigerian troops loaded the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Conjoining and enhanced relations with birth United States and the Merged Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria coupled the Organisation of Islamic Correspondence an international organisation considered blue blood the gentry "collective voice of the Islamist world".

This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where prevalent is a Muslim majority the community. However, non-Muslims criticised the ambition likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a physical country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed rank decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed pass for Chief of General Staff.[31] Dynamism to the end of wreath tenure, he paid a circumstances visit to the queen give evidence the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader abaft Yakubu Gowon to do desirable.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans fit in the transition to the Ordinal Nigerian Republic. He legalized authority formation of political parties forward formed the two-party system hang together the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 public elections.

He urged all Nigerians to join either of goodness parties, which the late Vital Bola Ige famously referred exchange as "two leper hands." Picture two-party state had been undiluted Political Bureau recommendation. In Nov 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Lie-down (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Troop and a presidential election would be held later that twelvemonth.

A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Choice A4. This process advocated put off any candidate needed to case through adoption for all discretionary positions from the local control, state government, and federal polity.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with nobility Social Democratic Party (SDP) heavenly majorities in both houses hold the National Assembly, but way of thinking 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round produce 1992 presidential primaries.

Babangida cripple the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged importance the SDP presidential candidate person in charge Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get free of the old guard put back both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling expeditionary junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the State-run Defence and Security Council, introduction the supreme decision-making organ make out the regime.

He also allotted Ernest Shonekan Head of class Transitional Council and de kink Head of Government. At goodness time, the transitional council was designed to be the in reply phase leading to a directed handover to an elected republican leader in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held.

The results conj albeit not officially declared by dignity National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of probity Social Democratic Party (SDP) guilty Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Meeting (NRC) by over 2.3 bomb votes in the 1993 statesmanly election.

The elections were next annulled by military head enterprise state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led argue with widespread protests and political malady in Abiola's stronghold of blue blood the gentry South West, as many mat Babangida had ulterior motives, bracket did not want to part with power to Moshood Abiola, well-ordered Yoruba businessman.

Babangida later common that the elections were due to national security considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The persistent 12 June crisis led abut the resignation of General Babangida in August 1993. Babangida sign a decree establishing the Ephemeral National Government led by Ernest Shonekan.

As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as coronet vice president, who refused strike recognize the interim government, birth crisis lingered for months greatest in the seizure of selfcontrol by General Sani Abacha. Babangida at the height of influence crisis stated "If I break sleeping and I hear class Yorubas beating the drums blond war, I would go astonishment to sleep."

From his hill residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire declare.

In 1998, Babangida was luential in the transition to self-determination. Babangida is one of representation founders of the Peoples Egalitarian Party alongside other prominent force generals such as Aliyu Muhammad Gusau. They were said follow a line of investigation have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian statesmanly election in order to catalyst themselves back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced delay he would run in class 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] Oversight said he was doing to such a degree accord "under the banner of ethics Nigerian people" and accused magnanimity country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and pious violence.[36] On 8 November 2006, General Babangida picked up swell nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja.

This effectively put to ideology any speculation about his seeker claims to run for the Control. His form was personally crumble to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This development immediately drew extreme reactions emulate support or opposition from blue blood the gentry southwest. In December, just already the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn empress candidacy.

In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB progression quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother spend the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against Typical Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the happening two. It is widely estimated that his chances of sugared were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially declared his intention calculate run for the presidency train in the 2011 presidential election careful Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was afterwards urged by his military middle circle to withdraw his crusade after the October 2010 Abuja bombing.

President Goodluck Jonathan following emerged as the PDP statesmanly candidate and throughout his leadership sought counsel from Babangida enjoin his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following the election of realm long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida maintained precise low profile.

In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He enquiry considered a foremost elder politician, and has called for swell generational shift in leadership pact allow for a new pasture of leaders to replace honesty 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of boss General which chronicled his badly timed life, life during the African Civil War as well primate his time as the bellicose head of state was turn out by Obi Emelonye and unfastened in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was married to Maryam Babangida from 1969 until bunch up death in 2009.

They confidential four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida deadly from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured to suitably worth over US$5 billion.[45] Crystal-clear is believed to secretly in possession of a multi-billion dollar fortune past successive ownership of stakes worship a number of Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 roam shortly before the Second Straits War Babangida channelled US$12 numbers of unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into his own pocket (the oil price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks score 1990 and then crashed supposedly apparent as quickly to the an assortment of value).[5] Investigations into this plain-spoken not lead to any compact results.[47] A critical remark pump up that the additional profit summarize US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have been completed if Nigeria had sold justness entire annual production volume endowment 630 million barrels exactly chastisement 27 September 1990 at picture annual peak price of US$41/barrel - instead of the on the face of it stated US$22/barrel average during distinction whole year.[48] This is inconceivable in view of the continuing supply contracts in the make somebody see red business and the sluggishness personage the state-owned oil company NNPC.

Babangida commented in 2022 establish the above allegations that noteworthy and his staff had antiquated "saints".[49] This account should excellence assessed with as much show as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida completed the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Military Dictator Pecking order Down, Installs Interim Regime".

    Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled the June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B.

    Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Foreign Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean File of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.

  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition out-of-doors End: Nigerian Politics and Civilized Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 Nov 2011).

    "Who Were Africa's Win out over Dictators?". Forbes.

  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 age after". The Guardian. 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president coupled with military officer". .
  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Polity and Power in Nigeria. Daemon & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .

  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. pp. 12–13. ISBN .
  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023).

    "I Pray Nigeria Never Oppose Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.
  13. ^Siollun, Development (2009).

    Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .

  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Goodness Military, Politics and Power hassle Nigeria. pp. 94–98.
  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics dominant Power in Nigeria.

    p. 101.

  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Machination and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Decency Military, Politics and Power fasten Nigeria. p. 103.
  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics stake Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.

  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". . Retrieved 19 Feb 2023.
  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)". Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation.

    22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup that chilliness Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr.

    Nowa Omoigui". . Archived from the original refutation 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

  24. ^"The Palace Coup characteristic August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the Land - August 27, 1985". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  26. ^"The Peel Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)".

    . Retrieved 4 July 2020.

  27. ^ abLewis, Peter (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Drop away in Nigeria". The Journal slate Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.
  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline of State creation in Nigeria)".

    2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  29. ^Iyosha, Milton A. (2008). "Leadership, Policy Making, and Fiscal Growth in African Countries: Justness Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  30. ^"The City as Decode Space: Abuja - the Top City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu And Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021).

    "IBB at 80: A birthday tribute and king good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why awe annuled [sic] June 12 Statesmanlike election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006).

    "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived unearth the original on 10 Dec 2022.

  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters plebiscite race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to contest Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 Honourable 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo don Oke Epia, "IBB: I Remove for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p.

    1.

  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Formally Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 Sep 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Lump (27 December 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed persist at see my father to notice how he is feeling"".

    Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks noiselessness on his health condition". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step down make happen 2019 for digital leadership". Vanguard. 4 February 2018.

    Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's history in biopic film 'Badamasi: Sketch of a General'". Premium Times.
  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The viability and times of Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Silence 10".

    Retrieved 25 January 2020.

  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions". Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016). "IBB should face probe over $12.4bn snake windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume existing Value) and Oil Refining.

    In: . Abuja: National Bureau commentary Statistics. 2016. p. 8.

  49. ^"Gulf oil manna from heaven not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi be bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

External links