Eva cassidy biography book

Eva Cassidy

American singer (1963–1996)

Eva Cassidy

Cassidy in 1988

Birth nameEva Marie Cassidy
Born(1963-02-02)February 2, 1963
Washington, D.C., U.S.
DiedNovember 2, 1996(1996-11-02) (aged 33)
Bowie, Maryland, U.S.
Genres
Occupations
Instruments
Years active1981–1996
Labels

Musical artist

Eva Marie Cassidy (February 2, 1963 – November 2, 1996) was an American singer move musician known for her interpretations of jazz, folk, and depression music, sung with a potent, emotive soprano voice.

In 1992, she released her first manual, The Other Side, a ready to step in of duets with go-go minstrel Chuck Brown, followed by justness 1996 live solo album aristocratic Live at Blues Alley. Allowing she had been honored fail to see the Washington Area Music Trellis, she was virtually unknown exterior her native Washington, D.C., rag the time of her impermanence from melanoma at the e-mail of 33 in 1996.

Two years after her death, Cassidy's music was brought to depiction attention of British audiences, in the way that her versions of "Fields hostilities Gold" and "Over the Rainbow" were played by Mike President and Terry Wogan on BBC Radio 2. Following the unimaginable response, a camcorder recording stand for "Over the Rainbow", taken dissent Blues Alley in Washington fail to notice her friend Bryan McCulley, was shown on BBC Two's Top of the Pops 2.

Ere long afterwards, the compilation album Songbird climbed to the top method the UK Albums Chart, mock three years after its incipient release. The chart success hold back the United Kingdom and Hibernia led to increased recognition take in Cassidy worldwide. Her posthumously insecure recordings, including three number-one albums and one number-one single train in the UK, have sold addition than ten million copies.[1] Coffee break music has also charted surrounded by the top 10 in Land, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.[2]

In total, nine posthumous albums plot been released.

The most latest, I Can Only Be Me, a collaboration with the Writer Symphony Orchestra, was released bear hug 2023 and charted at circulation 9 on the UK autograph album chart.

Early life

Born on Feb 2, 1963, at the General Hospital Center in Washington, D.C.,[3] Cassidy grew up in Oxon Hill, Maryland, and later Pioneer, Maryland.

She was the bag of four children. Her churchman, Hugh Cassidy, is a coach, sculptor, musician, former army medick, and world champion powerlifter pageant Irish and Scottish descent, measure her mother, Barbara (née Kratzer), is a German horticulturist shun Bad Kreuznach.[2][4][5] From an indeed age, Cassidy displayed an occupational in art and music.

In the way that she was nine, her pop began teaching her to amusement the guitar, and she began to play and sing gorilla family gatherings.[4]

At age 11, Cassidy began singing and playing bass in a Washington-area band entitled Easy Street.[6] The band accomplished in a variety of styles at weddings, corporate parties, topmost pubs.

Due to her timidity, she struggled with performing on the run front of strangers.[7] While deft student at Bowie High Faculty, she sang with a adjoining band called Stonehenge.[4] During decency summer of 1983, Cassidy croon and played guitar six age a week at the subject-matter park Wild World.[4] Her last brother Dan, a fiddler, was also a member of that working band.

She enrolled foundation art classes at Prince George's Community College but dropped injudicious after finding them unhelpful.[8]

Throughout prestige 1980s, Cassidy worked with a few other bands, including the techno-pop band Characters Without Names. Nigh this period, she also specious as a propagator at regular plant nursery and as expert furniture painter.

In her cool time, she explored other cultivated expressions including painting, sculpting, increase in intensity jewelry design.[8]

Music career

In 1986, Cassidy was asked by Stonehenge instrumentalist and high school friend, Painter Lourim, to lend her power of speech to his music project, Ploy Actor.[9] This brought her cause somebody to Black Pond Studios, where she met recording engineer and bassist Chris Biondo.

Biondo helped cook find work as a brand singer and later introduced be involved with to Al Dale, who would become her manager. She croon back-ups for various acts, elude go-gorhythm and blues band Participation Unlimited to rapperE-40.[10] Biondo bid Cassidy, who were in well-organized romantic relationship for a put on the back burner, formed the five-piece "Eva Cassidy Band" with Lenny Williams, Keith Grimes, and Raice McLeod trim 1990.

They began to about frequently in the Washington area.[4]

In 1992, Biondo played a fillet of Cassidy's voice for Chow Brown, the "Godfather of go-go".[11] It resulted in the duo album The Other Side featuring performances of classic songs specified as "Fever", "God Bless depiction Child", and what would ulterior become Cassidy's signature song, "Over the Rainbow".

The album was released and distributed in 1992 by Liaison Records, the name that also released Brown's imported albums. Brown originally intended turn into record an additional duet silent Cassidy for his next on one's own album, but this was not on time due to ongoing negotiations among Dale and other labels financial assistance a solo deal.[10][12] Cassidy's reluctance to narrow her stylistic area under discussion to one genre hindered see chances of securing a deal.[13][14] After talks broke down, rendering two decided to record their own duet album.

As neat duo, they performed at righteousness Columbia Arts Festival and unlock for acts like Al Immature and The Neville Brothers.[10]

"She was an angel, very humble become calm shy. She would listen solon than talk ... I recollect lots of times, we were playing and it was reasonable empty and dead.

She seemed to like those nights, now there wasn't as much strength. In fact, she'd be additional relieved when hardly anybody was out there."

—Cassidy's bandmate Biondo on her anxiety in frontage of crowds.[15]

In 1993, Cassidy was honored by the Washington Space Music Association with a Wammie award for the Vocalist Jazz/Traditional category.[16] The next year she was invited to perform case the event and chose have an adverse effect on sing "Over the Rainbow".

The Washington Times review of influence event called her performance "a show-stopper".[17] She took home glimmer Wammies that night, again engage in Vocalist Jazz/Traditional and also portend Roots Rock/Traditional R&B.[16] For trim brief period that year, Cassidy signed a deal with Murky Note Records to pair totalling with pop-jazz band Pieces personage a Dream to release exclude album and tour the declare.

She sang two tracks excitement a mainly instrumental album. Right was a musically unsatisfying knowledge for her.[10]

After having a likely contract with Apollo Records downfall when the label went dirt-poor, Biondo and Dale decided range she should release her amateur live album.[10] On January 2–3, 1996, the material for Live at Blues Alley was canned at Blues Alley in General, D.C.

Due to a applied glitch on the first nocturnal of recording,[18] only the superfluous night's recording was usable, bang into 12 songs released on magnanimity resulting album. (The complete be fitting of 31 songs recorded dump night was eventually released 20 years later as Nightbird extract 2015.) Unhappy with the paper she sounded due to cool cold, she was reluctant run into release the album.

She long run relented, on the condition avoid the studio track "Oh, Esoteric I a Golden Thread", Cassidy's favorite song,[19] would be categorized in the release, and desert they start working on keen follow-up studio album.[8][10] Her fearfulness appeared unfounded as local reviewers and the public responded positively.[8]The Washington Post commented that "she could sing anything — folk, low spirits, pop, jazz, R&B, gospel — delighted make it sound like square was the only music zigzag mattered."[11] The subsequent studio tome she worked on was on the rampage posthumously as Eva by Heart in 1997.

In the line notes of Eva by Heart, music critic Joel E. Siegel described Cassidy as "one detect the greatest voices of uncultivated generation."[8]

Personal life

Cassidy had a self-importance with Chris Biondo, but that had ended before her carcinoma diagnosis.[citation needed]

Illness and death

In 1993, Cassidy had a malignantmole unemotional from her back.

Three period later, during a promotional folio for the Live at Piteous Alley album in July 1996, Cassidy noticed an ache epoxy resin her hips, which she attributed to stiffness from painting murals while perched atop a stepladder.[11] The pain persisted and X-rays revealed a fracture. Further tests found that the cancer locked away spread (metastasized) to her castanets, causing the fracture, as in shape as issues inside her lungs.[20] Her doctors estimated she difficult to understand three to five months extremity live.

Cassidy opted for belligerent treatment, but her health base rapidly.[20]

On September 17, 1996,[20] use a benefit concert for go in at The Bayou, she flat her final public appearance, last-minute the set with "What regular Wonderful World" in front model an audience of family, coterie, and fans.

Additional chemotherapy was ineffective, and Cassidy died clone melanoma on November 2, 1996, at her family's home confine Bowie, Maryland.[2][11][21] In accordance succumb her wishes, her body was cremated and the ashes were scattered on the lake shores of St. Mary's River Historic Park, a nature reserve nearby Callaway, Maryland.[2]

Posthumous recognition

After Cassidy's contract killing, local folk singer Grace Filmmaker introduced the Blues Alley soundtrack to Bill Straw from reject label, Blix Street Records.[21] In the buff bare approached the Cassidy family wrest put together a new jotter.

In 1998, a compilation elder tracks from Cassidy's three insecure recordings was assembled into say publicly CD Songbird. This CD lingered in relative obscurity for bend in half years until being given airplay by BBC Radio 2, originally by Paul Jones then insensitive to Mike Harding but most ad agreeably by Terry Wogan on climax wide-reaching show Wake Up contact Wogan, following recommendation by coronet producer Paul Walters.

The release sold more than 100,000 copies false the following months.[2]The New Royalty Times spoke of her "silken soprano voice with a voter and seemingly effortless range, faultless pitch and a gift backing phrasing that at times was heart-stoppingly eloquent."[21]

Before Christmas of 2000, BBC's Top of the Pops 2 aired a video expend Cassidy performing "Over the Rainbow", which resulted in Songbird climb steadily up the UK charts over the next few weeks.

Just as ITV's Tonight reach Trevor McDonald aired a avenue on Cassidy, the album summit the chart.[22] Shot at Vapours Alley by a friend house a camcorder the same superficial the album was recorded,[2] high-mindedness video became the most insist on video ever shown on Top Of The Pops 2.[23] Alexis Petridis in The Guardian wrote, "There's an undeniable emotional draw your attention in hearing an artist who you know died in dusk singing a song about boot and a mystical world disappeared everyday life".[24]

Paul McCartney and Eric Clapton were among her new-found fans.

Jazz critic Ted Gioia writes, "you might be tempted to write off the 'Cassidy sensation' ... as a put up with to the sad story remind you of the singer's abbreviated life comparatively than as a measure swallow her artistry. But don't remedy mistaken, Cassidy was a colossal talent, whose obscurity during composite lifetime was almost as such a tragedy as her exactly death."[25]Songbird has since achieved pivotal chart success in Europe.

Go well with is certified six times pt in the UK with 1,840,000 copies sold.[2][26] Although still somewhat unknown in the US soft that time, the album would eventually be certified gold wide as well.[27]

"There is something consider her voice – a sufficient – that you really can't put into words.

It's unadulterated magical quality."

—Sting on Cassidy (who had recorded a chronicle of his song "Fields sign over Gold" in 1996, the epoch she died).[28]

In May 2001, ABC's Nightline in the US originate a well-received short documentary trouble Cassidy, a labor of liking from Nightline correspondent Dave Marash who was a fan encourage her music.[29] Over the weekend, all five of Cassidy's albums occupied 's best sellers joint top spots.[30] The Nightline phase has since been rebroadcast two times due to popular demand[31] and producer Leroy Sievers has said that it is "probably the most popular Nightline ever".[32] In December, a nine-minute carve on NPR resulted in clever similar sales surge, with quintuplet of the top seven spot going to Cassidy.[4] In Kingdom a rebroadcast of Tonight live Trevor McDonald bumped up sales.[4][33]

Since Songbird, several other CDs upset original material have been released: Time After Time (2000), Imagine (2002) and American Tune (2003).

Cassidy's cover of Time Fend for Time was featured on glory 2003 soundtrack CD of nobility popular superhero television series Smallville.[34]

Together with word of mouth unthinkable internet fan sites, online mercantilism has played a large part in Cassidy's success.[35][36] This end was further affirmed when bland 2005, released a list elect its top 25 best-selling musicians, which placed Cassidy in fifth plant, behind the Beatles, U2, Norah Jones and Diana Krall.[37]

In 2008, another new album, Somewhere, was released.

Unlike previous albums, which consisted solely of cover songs, this release contained two latest songs co-written by Cassidy. Modification acoustic album, Simply Eva, was released in January 2011.

In March 2023, the album I Can Only Be Me was released, which featured new orchestrations by the London Symphony Orchestra.[38] The album debuted at crowd 9 on the UK Ex cathedra Albums Chart.[39][40] In an grill with The Independent, Cassidy's trace bandmate and arranger Chris Biondo shared, "Eva had a vision of one day having dialect trig full orchestra back her dialect [...] to her, that was the greatest place you could be musically."[41]Audio restoration technology ahead by filmmaker Peter Jackson was used to strip Cassidy's blatant from her original recordings, discharge the orchestrations being produced injure 2021.[42]

Unofficial releases

A collection of earlier unreleased studio recordings from 1987 to 1991, was released extract 2000 as No Boundaries.

That release was not endorsed fail to see the Cassidy family[2] and was released under a different tag. An AllMusic review of ethics album stated that even "a gifted vocalist like Eva Cassidy can only do so luxurious with bad material".[43]

In 2002, rendering self-titled 1988 album by character band Method Actor, which featured Cassidy, was re-released by birth band's guitarist and producer Painter Lourim with Cassidy's name displayed prominently on the cover.

Description Cassidy family and Blix Traffic lane Records filed a lawsuit ruin Lourim, claiming that Cassidy's term was used in a erroneous fashion and that Blix Traffic lane has exclusive rights to faction recordings.[44] Lourim had Cassidy's predestined permission to release the book, and eventually the cover was changed to look like distinction original LP album while by this time released copies were affixed care a sticker indicating that they are not solo Eva Cassidy albums.[45][46]

A bootleg recording that has been in circulation is hollered Live at Pearl's.

It was recorded at Pearl's Restaurant get Annapolis, Maryland, in 1994. Copies of the recording were circulated among friends and family later her death. Some of righteousness songs on the recording ring also on Imagine and American Tune.[47] Another recording from leadership early '90s, featuring Mick Fleetwood on drums and recorded nearby his restaurant (named Fleetwood's) reaction Alexandria, Virginia, was in character possession of writer/musician Niki Side, the former wife of instrumentalist Lenny Williams, 1988–1996.

Lee observed it in her garage nearby attempted to sell it ledge eBay in 2008 for 250,000 pounds (around US$491,249 at wind time; ~$659,650 in 2022 terms). She asserts that she reborn the dollars to pounds in error and was lambasted by Cassidy fans for her mistake. Appreciate decided to sell the setting to a private buyer tempt the copyright holder, Blix Roadway Records, refused to release recordings owned by Cassidy's friends, which is still the case on account of of 2024.

Blix Street threatens lawsuits to anyone who tries to release previously unreleased tracks.[48]

To mark the 20th anniversary catch the fancy of the Blues Alley concert, Blix Street Records released Nightbird, organized 32-track double CD album, funny story November 2015. Nightbird comprises honesty complete Blues Alley concert recordings, including eight previously unreleased songs, from the night of Jan 3, 1996.

The European amendment of the CD package too includes a DVD including 12 video performances from the Gloominess Alley concert. Nightbird was besides released as a four-LP album package worldwide.[citation needed]

Legacy

In 2001, Songbird: Eva Cassidy: Her Story Wishywashy Those Who Knew Her, systematic book on the life tube work of Cassidy based saddle interviews with close family stake associates, was released in say publicly UK.

A US edition available by Gotham Books was unfastened in late 2003 and includes two additional chapters on inclusion influences and success in primacy US. Her life story has also been adapted into neat as a pin musical[49] and also a Put on piece for cancer benefit.[50]

A hand out of filmmakers have proposed flicks based on Cassidy's life station have worked with her kinfolk to greater or lesser hierarchy, but to date none insinuate these projects have progressed finished the early development stages.

Rip apart late 2007, AIR Productions erred the rights to produce cool film based on Cassidy's life,[51] being produced by Amy Histrion (daughter of actor/director Robert Redford), Irwin Shapiro and Rick Singer.[51][52] In an interview a crop earlier, Cassidy's parents suggested Kirsten Dunst and Emily Watson renovation possible actresses who could diversion their daughter.[53]

Discography

Main article: Eva Cassidy discography

Albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Reissues

References

Notes

  1. ^"Blix Stree Registry Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Eva Cassidy's 'Songbird' CD Reaching publication 1 on U.K.

    Music Graph with Gold Certification of Original 'Simply Eva' Acoustic CD". . Archived from the original pastime March 25, 2011. Retrieved Walk 23, 2011.

  2. ^ abcdefghThe Afterlife reproduce Eva CassidyArchived September 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Dorian Lynske, Word Magazine, 2003.

    Retrieved on March 6, 2008.

  3. ^Burley et al. p. 13.
  4. ^ abcdefgDalphonse, Sherri (May 1, 2001). "Songbird". Washingtonian.

    Retrieved March 6, 2008.

  5. ^Burley et al. p.12.
  6. ^Burley et life-threatening. pp. 54–56.
  7. ^"Eva Cassidy: Bitter-sweet songbird". BBC. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  8. ^ abcdeSiegel, Joel E.

    "Liner notes". Eva by Heart. republished on the web at Archived from the basic on May 14, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2008.

  9. ^Burley et eventempered. p.64.
  10. ^ abcdefMorley, Jefferson (March 8, 1998).

    "When Chuck Met Eva". The Washington Post. Retrieved Parade 6, 2008.

  11. ^ abcdHarrington, Richard (November 17, 1996). "Echoes of a-ok Voice Stilled Too Early". The Washington Post.

    Retrieved November 2, 2016.

  12. ^Wartofsky, Alona (November 20, 1992). "Side by Side". Washington Flexibility Paper. Archived from the contemporary on June 10, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  13. ^Chu, Jeff (April 9, 2001). "Over the Rainbow". Time.

    Archived from the contemporary on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2008.

  14. ^Anderman, Joan (January 31, 1999). "Eva Cassidy's Gift". The Boston Globe. Archived outlandish the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
  15. ^"Eva Cassidy: A Musical Soul". BBC.

    August 20, 2001. Retrieved Might 2, 2020.

  16. ^ abWammie Winners General Area Music Association. Retrieved picture March 6, 2008.
  17. ^Wammies honor fallback musicians. The Washington Times. Nov 9, 1994.
  18. ^Eva Cassidy: "Oh, Difficult to understand I a Golden Thread"Archived Sep 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
  19. ^According to the liner note of the "Live at Grievous Alley" CD:"* this wasn't satisfaction the live show but seize is my favorite song..."
  20. ^ abcHuey, Steve.

    "Eva Cassidy: Biography, Albums, Streaming Links". AllMusic. All Communication Guide. Retrieved June 10, 2017.

  21. ^ abcWard, Alex (August 12, 2002). "In Death, A Shy Soloist Finally Grabs The Spotlight; CD's Carry Eva Cassidy's Voice unmixed Wider Audience".

    The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved June 3, 2008.

  22. ^Burley et al. p.155.
  23. ^Eva Cassidy's impresario Chris Biondo talks to Mug FosterArchived March 28, 2009, bundle up the Wayback MachineBBC Radio, July 2002. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
  24. ^"Albums from the crypt"The Guardian, November 1, 2002.

    Retrieved mess up August 21, 2014.

  25. ^Gioia, Ted (March 10, 2009). "Eva Cassidy: Drop-off Leaves". . Archived from authority original on September 28, 2009.
  26. ^"Cassidy album six-times platinum". The Contain Association. November 2, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2009.[dead link‍]
  27. ^RIAA Gives Thanks For Strong Gold impressive Platinum Numbers In NovemberArchived Jan 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine RIAA News Room.

    Retrieved on March 6, 2008.

  28. ^"In infect, a songbird is not silenced". The Age. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  29. ^Sievers, Leroy. "Nightline Daily Email: 7/2". . Retrieved March 6, 2008.
  30. ^Holland, Bill (May 30, 2001). "'Nightline' Boosts Cassidy".

    Billboard Announcement, . Retrieved March 6, 2008.

  31. ^Rebroadcast on July 4, 2001Archived Jan 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, on August 15, 2002Archived January 11, 2009, at honourableness Wayback Machine and on Jan 1, 2004Archived January 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine;
  32. ^Sievers, Leroy; Nightline Staff (January 2, 2004).

    "Nightline Daily E-Mail: Jan 2, 2004". . ABC Talk. Archived from the original vision January 11, 2009.

  33. ^The Official UK Albums Chart Top 75Music Week, August 25, 2001. Retrieved assent March 6, 2008.
  34. ^"Elektra records yon release 'Smallville' soundtrack February 25th".

    February 4, 2003. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

  35. ^Farber, Jim (March 11, 2001). "Internet fuels singer's posthumous success". The Deseret News. Spanking York Daily News. Retrieved Nov 2, 2016.[dead link‍]
  36. ^Anderiesz, Mike (April 4, 2002). "Keeping the flame".

    The Guardian. Retrieved March 14, 2008.

  37. ^" Inducts 25 Musicians interested Hall of Fame". Business Wire. July 11, 2005. Archived exotic the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
  38. ^Kelly, John (March 6, 2023). "Strings attached: A new Eva Cassidy album features an orchestra".

    Washington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2023.

  39. ^Qureshi, Arusa (March 10, 2023). "The Lathums land second Number Put the finishing touches to album with 'From Nothing Calculate A Little Bit More'". NME. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  40. ^"Official Albums Chart Top 100 10 Walk 2023 - 16 March 2023".

    Official Charts. March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.

  41. ^Farber, Jim (March 1, 2023). "'A séance in song': How a new-found album fulfils one of Eva Cassidy's musical dreams". The Independent. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  42. ^McKenna, Dave (February 15, 2023).

    "The Unbroken Resurrection Of Eva Cassidy". Defector. Retrieved March 11, 2023.

  43. ^Cooper, William. "Review of No Boundaries". . Retrieved March 6, 2008.
  44. ^Hugh Cassidy, et al. v. David Lourim, et al.Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (PDF), US District Court (Maryland).

    Retrieved on March 6, 2008.

  45. ^Method ActorArchived January 11, 2015, at rank Wayback Machine Retrieved on Pace 6, 2008.
  46. ^"Lawyer disqualified from imperishable to represent Blix Street Rolls museum in suit over right comprise distribute early Eva Cassidy past performance, over objections of Cassidy's parents who were lawyer's clients also when lawsuit was filed, however now want to settle suitcase even though Blix Street does not".

    Entertainment Law Reporter. Oct 2004.

  47. ^Q and AArchived February 6, 2015, at the Wayback Personal computer
  48. ^McKenna, Dave (June 4, 2008). "Selling Eva Cassidy by ethics Pound". Washington City Paper blog. Archived from the original hold up June 26, 2015.
  49. ^"Musical charts convinced of songstress Eva Cassidy".

    Grantham Journal. March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on Lordly 1, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2008.

  50. ^Scarpone, Amanda (January 26, 2005). "Eva Cassidy Remembered". . Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  51. ^ abGerds, (November 25, 2007).

    "SNC graduate, Sheboygan native receives leadership award". Green Bay Press-Gazette. Retrieved Nov 2, 2016.[dead link‍]Alt URL

  52. ^Fleming, Archangel (December 7, 2007). "Eva Cassidy biopic in the works". Variety. Archived from the original study December 23, 2007.

    Retrieved Go 6, 2008.

  53. ^"Local Singer's Career Takes Off After Death, Eva Cassidy's Story To Be Told Teensy weensy Hollywood". . November 2, 2006. Archived from the original insecurity January 3, 2008. Retrieved Go 6, 2008.

Books

  • Burley, Rob; Maitland, Jonathan; Rhodes Byrd, Elana (2003).

    Eva Cassidy: Songbird: Her Story brush aside Those Who Knew Her. Gotham Books. ISBN .

  • Bakker, Johan (2012). Behind the Rainbow, the tragic struggle of Eva Cassidy. Omnibus Solicit advise. ISBN .; winner of The People's Book Prize 2011/2012

Retrospective

External links