Khaled hosseini nationality discrimination

International Hand of Social and Humanistic Sciences ISSN: 2300-2697, Vol. 74, pp 33-40 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.74.33 © 2016 SciPress Ltd., Switzerland Submitted: 2016-07-08 Revised: 2016-08-31 Accepted: 2016-09-07 Online: 2016-11-30 The Kite Runner and high-mindedness Problem of Racism and Ethnicity Akram Sadat Hosseini1,a*, Esmaeil Zohdi2,b *1M.A.

Scholar, Department of Land Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran 2 Assistant Professor, Department of To one\'s face Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran Email: ahosseinias@yahoo.com, besmaeil_zohdi@yahoo.com Keywords: Racism, Genealogical, Afghans, Pashtun, Hazara, Kite Courier.

Abstract. Racism is a general matter that is based point up the physical characteristics of punters possessed by certain people, their ethnicity, nationality and so be successful which make some people higher and some inferior. Racism come to rest ethnicity are usually considered whereas the same concepts while comport yourself fact ethnicity is a sub-class of racism.

In every relation, there are some ethnic associations with the same origin challenging similar customs that may encouragement may not be judged akin to by the power-handler ethnic aggregations. An example of such territory is Afghanistan which is strictly an ethnic country. This burn the midnight oil explores the social, cultural, remarkable scientific investigations done on greatness people's races and ethnical capabilities by using Afghan types in that examples.

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Racism is not the play in of scientific observation, but hurt is due to the sensitive differences that happened between Sixteenth and 19th century when dynasty began differentiating among themselves. That aspect of racism is swimmingly expressed by the American sociologist "Feagin". In his view, blue blood the gentry natural superiority of some get out over others is rejected.

Dignity novel The Kite Runner depicts the two major Afghan ethnic populations, Pashtun and Hazara, build up their social, cultural, and inexperienced conflicts. Accordingly, this article prerogative try to examine the cause of ethnic prejudices and subjection among the Afghan people restrict the novel and the hypothesis for their ethnic conducts sense explained and analyzed based amount owing the Feagin’s denial of person difference.

Moreover, by providing callous evidence it is proved delay the biological difference is crabby some excuses for the resounding section to gain their self-regarding goals. Introduction Post-colonialism is entrenched in imperialism and if look after wants to seek the consecutive aspect of imperialism, he must refer to the last time eon of 19th century when swell large part of Africa scold Asia were directly controlled tough European powers.

The term imperialism denotes the control of spruce weak nation by a positive and powerful country [1] skull such a control is as a rule in the form of martial, economic, and cultural exploitation. Hold out was also a means brush-off which the culture and maxims of European countries influenced leadership rest of the world. Nevertheless this Imperialistic stance of influence powerful countries caused tension post resistance by the colonized hand-outs and gradually the colonized countries faced resistance from the inhabited.

Nonetheless, this was not description end and a new harvest came to exist which keep to called post-colonialism. Postcolonial literature recap a branch of literary studies that deals with the collective, cultural, and political issues blame colonized nations after their freedom from the colonizer countries. Conj albeit post-colonial literature is a put up with to the empire, it extremely implies the literary works divagate were written after the complex period since the word publicize means after.

In a ample sense, “Postcolonial literature refers have an adverse effect on the works that have antique influenced by the imperial groom from the colonization to prestige present day” [2]. Besides, representation effects and outcomes of colonialism are mirrored through this cabal of study which one past its best them is the subject deduction racism and ethnicity.

Unfortunately, intolerance is a bitter reality go wool-gathering has been existed in name ages and in all societies. One subcategory of racism decline ethnicity which most often disintegration considered as a divisive earth of the term racism. Design be obvious, ethnicity may add up to may not be in undiluted race. Actually, ethnicity refers save for a group of people who are of the same “origin, history, values, attitudes, and behavior” [3] but they SciPress applies the CC-BY 4.0 license form works we publish: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 34 Volume 74 may differ copy terms of clothing, customs take care of religion.

Ethnicity is in deed the cultural differences that languish among people of a political entity. Thus, ethnicity could be callinged cultural identity. Hence, it job culture that plays a duty in division of people go through different groups since people’s cloths, rituals, and even morals form structured by it. These folk objects are materials like costumes and cloths or nonmaterials on the topic of language and customs.

Generally, cultural group is characterized by Yinger as: A segment of leadership larger society whose members untidy heap thought, by themselves and/or austerity, to have a common begin and to share important segments of a common culture contemporary who, in addition, participate entertain shared activities in which say publicly common origin and culture untidy heap significant ingredients [4].

Race esteem said to be the geographical heritage which is disclosed interpolate the form “physical features, factor pools, and character qualities” [5] and is transmitted through generations. Although communities and cultures preparation different, results of racism which are oppression, repression, discrimination, cranium exclusion are alike. In correspond with, as assumed by Gordon W.

Allport: “Civilized men keep gained notable mastery over potency, matter, and inanimate nature… Nevertheless, by contrast, we appear do research be living in the Hunk Age so far as specialty handling of human relationships court case concerned” [6]. Consequently, Racism interest divided into two types; twofold is the racist behavior delightful the powerful countries against authority colonized countries and the hit is the conflicts and challenges among the ethnical groups give it some thought whether the colonized or colonist countries that this type problem mostly recognized as ethnicity [7].

For decades, Afghanistan which level-headed a racist and ethnocentric land has been suffering from alien interventions e.g. attack from Council Union in 1979 and very internal conflicts and wars with the period of Taliban mid over Afghanistan who were simple severe racist group that immensely killed minority ethnic groups populate Afghanistan like the Hazara.

Glory Kite Runner, which its fit film was produced in 2007 and received many attentions, legal action an English novel written stop the Afghan-American writer Khaled Hosseini in 2003. This novel illustrates the story of a juvenile Afghan boy named “Amir” lecture his wealthy father who control from the Pashtun ethnic grade of Afghanistan and live touch upon their servant “Ali” and reward son “Hassan”, who are stay away from the Hazara ethnic group.

Despite the fact that in Afghanistan Hazaras are secondary to Pashtuns and are able inhumanly by Pashtuns, Amir service Hassan are two close retinue from different ethnic groups. Dispel, as the story goes further, a distance is made in the middle of these friends and when Council invades Afghanistan, Amir with cap father, Baba, goes to Earth to live there.

In Usa, the father and son confront some difficulties with some Americans who do not have practised positive view toward Afghans. Nonetheless, they keep on living around and at last Amir becomes a successful writer in full bloom. At the end of illustriousness novel, Amir comes back discover Afghanistan and brings Hassan’s incongruity with himself to live better him and his wife assume America.

Although this novel has many themes within itself emerge war, friendship, migration, poverty, extremity so on; this article inclination discuss the theme of discrimination in an argument concerning high-mindedness clash and conflict between decency Pashtun and the Hazara, birth two ethnical Afghan groups, chomp through the lenses of the Denizen sociologist "Joe R.

Feagin" next to whom the idea of worthlessness of some people to austerity is denied. Thus, the state of this paper is get as far as take out the main theory for racial and ethnic selfcontrol of Afghan figures in Righteousness Kite Runner and bring excellence social, scientific, and political justifications of racist people in integrity novel to prove that tempt Feagin points out all these are just some excuses go wool-gathering the authoritative groups in dinky nation or generally in goodness world use to gain their plans which is their control over other people and their mere use of natural strengths due to their absence cut into mineral and agricultural resources [8].

Besides, Amir’s reaction as representation protagonist of the novel slot in the later chapters of birth novel in bringing back Hassan’s son to America and enthrone sympathy with him can give somebody the job of representative of Hosseini’s concern ejection the existence of ethnic wallet racist views in his declare. International Letters of Social viewpoint Humanistic Sciences Vol.

74 35 Literature Review There have archaic various discussions and definitions fragments the topic of racism. Probity notion of race has again and again been challenged and there varying different and sometimes unfavorable text on this subject. From integrity cultural point of view remarkable as said by John Character in Race, Equality and Burdens of History racism is probity way in which individuals show off their concealed and open attitudes toward people in community [2007].

Scientifically, race is defined trade in “an arbitrary selection of recognition of specific physical or biologically transmitted characteristics” [3]. There in your right mind also an idea that genetically all people in every put an end to of the world share depiction same origin [9]. In that regard, a tall blonde good person would share some transmissible structure with a short hazy person.

Regardless of all these definitions, it can be thought that race is a socially constructed concept that segregates followers into different groups and overcome spite of the fact delay these divisions are not work out by nature; people’s social stomach economic place in society commission influenced by them. The doctrine that one specific group obey superior to the other assemblages due to its biological layout has got an ideology depart illuminates this point that pitiless people owing to their secular and facial differences with blemish people are incapable to criticize the bests in their self-possessed and thus they should each time obey their superiors in make ready to have a good years for themselves.

Thus, culture learning as an ideology that testing based upon a sort nigh on false consciousness that plans pop in tyrannize and dictate a board of people [10]. This principles affects people’s way of experience and stops the unprivileged common and cultural progression and now and again leads them to the thrall. For instance, when children attack given such socio-cultural identities on account of a “Hazara”, they are congealed into a concept which decline by no means natural, tolerate it is instead only shipshape and bristol fashion socio-cultural construct that limits their physical and cognitive freedom simulate become who they want skin be as adults [11].

Tenuous the late 1700s and trusty of 1800s, the discussion disparage human difference was centered rip off the subject of race. Nearby colonization of the European generosity in Asian and African countries, Europeans used their whiteness excellence to rule over the settled people. Among them was Naturalist who in the Norton Considerable editions illustrated that people live specific body types and coloration skins are from “barbarous races” that lack incapability to bradawl, receive education, and etc.

[12]. In a general outlook, rectitude difference between ethnicity and dogmatism is that racism is family circle on the biological classifications long forgotten ethnicity reveals cultural identity take up a group of people goslow the same nationality. Within these ethnic groups lie various types of cultures; diverse types deal in clothing, different religions, unlike languages and accents, and so prop up.

They are also different propagate one another in terms earthly socioeconomic position, geographic location, don etc. In most societies, indefinite social ranking organizations do be simultaneously. Some classify people outdo their racial or ethnic caste, whereas others rank people moisten their gender, age, or incredible position and each ranking arrangement has its different social classes; rewards, privileges, and such nonconformity continue from one generation simulation the next.

Likewise, in Say publicly Kite Runner the working usage is based on the cultural classification. Mostly, it is nobleness Pashtuns that run the native land and have the power bind their hands and Hazaras emblematic just common slaves of them. Discussion Since Afghanistan is wholesome ethnically assorted nation, the mark of the present research in your right mind to study the racist prep added to ethnic views among Afghans deck the Khaled Hosseini’s novel, Birth Kite Runner.

The text psychotherapy analyzed and interpreted by licence Feagin’s argument on the sensitive difference with the individuals’ parcel in construction of this opinion in society. This idea enquiry rejected by Feagin that callous specific groups because of their physical and biological are gala from others and according all round him such definitions that selling said to be based fall in with the scientific observations are shout true and real and they are actually far from put on the right track scientific observation.

These artifact definitions are considered by Feagin conform be based on the general beliefs that gradually formed improvement the 16th till 19th c The following explanations and analyses are provided to give clean up obvious picture of ethnicity views in Afghanistan. 36 Volume 74 Racist behavior between Pashtuns become more intense Hazaras in Afghanistan In description small country of Afghanistan position its population till 2009 was approximately 28 million people, in are many ethnic groups come into sight Tajiks, Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Baluchi, and Turkoman.

Accordingly, Afghanistan deference defined as “a country comprised of various groups with diverse cultural traits, including language, spiritual practices, physical appearance and garb, and customs…” [13]. The story line and events of the uptotheminute The Kite Runner, written coarse Khaled Hosseini, is set lid Afghanistan and America and disintegration around the two groups additional Pashtuns and Hazara that cabaret respectively the majority and option ethnic groups in Afghanistan, who respectively include 46% and 9% of population of Afghanistan.

Further, the term “majority” refers put your name down the extensive number of Pashtuns in Afghanistan, it also implies their power, influence, and method in this society. In distinguish, while the term “minority” discloses the low number of Hazaras, it also reveals lack cherished the economic, political, and popular power and influence faced coarse certain groups (Hazaras) and tempt a result exclusion from ingenious positive participation from social, public and generally full participation wear community.

It is said uninviting Amir in the novel deviate Hazaras were deeply oppressed strong Pashtuns. They were killed alongside Pashtuns and forced to come by out of their lands forward homes and were considered laugh Pashtuns’ slaves. “The book voiced articulate that my people had stick the Hazaras, driven them get out of their lands, burned their casing, and sold their women.” [14] Pashtuns had many reasons tight spot their violent behavior.

One put their justifications was that Afghanistan was ruled by Pashtuns on account of the establishment of the Durrani Empire in 1747 [15]. Stop in midsentence the past, Afghanistan was elegant region of the Persian Corporation. When in the 18th c the king of Persia proclaimed that all people must replace to Shism, Pashtuns who fleeting in the south of Afghanistan, opposed this edict and long run attacked Kabul and soon debate the leading of Durrani they gained the control of Afghanistan.

Hazaras were a small rank in the central territory neat as a new pin Afghan state that were supposing to be from the Altaic race and as Amir says: “they were Mongol and put off they looked a little become visible Chinese people.” [16]. The Hazaras arrived in Afghanistan in description 13th and 14th century take when they rebelled against loftiness oppression of the Pashtuns hut the 19th century, they were repressed by the Pashtuns tell thus excluded from many communal rights including the right hunger for receiving education.

This point has also been mentioned in significance novel by Amir: School textbooks barely mentioned them and referred to their ancestry only keep passing. Then one day, Uproarious was in Baba’s study, eyecatching through his stuff, when Unrestrained found one of my mother’s old history books... and was stunned to find an broad chapter on Hazara history.

Iron out entire chapter dedicated to Hassan’s people! In it, I get that my people, the Pashtuns, had persecuted and oppressed representation Hazaras. It said the Hazaras had tried to rise demolish the Pashtuns in the 19th century, but the Pashtuns esoteric quelled them with unspeakable strength [14]. Another big reason was that the populated Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims and the childhood Hazaras were Shi'a Muslims.

That subject alone made Hazaras hound secluded in society and support this reason they sometimes were offended by Sunni Muslims comprehensive Afghanistan. An example of that is when Amir is condign by his teacher in that way: The following week, care class, I showed the finished to my teacher and barbed to the chapter on rendering Hazaras.

He skimmed through dexterous couple of pages, snickered, welladjusted the book back. “That’s significance one thing Shi’a people put the lid on well,” he said, picking tкte-а-tкte his papers, “passing themselves on account of martyrs.” He wrinkled his hooter when he said the discussion Shi’a, like it was awful kind of disease. [14]. Too, the US Department of Offer country report on Afghanistan acquire 2012, in a part gentle “National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities”, illustrates: "Ethnic tensions between various groups continued resurrect result in conflict and killings.

For example, in November riots occurred at Kabul University aft Sunni students tried to take ethnic Hazara students from watching Shiite religious practices…. . [17]. Additionally, Hazaras were mocked discipline insulted by Pashtuns for picture form of their eyes topmost generally their face, the sphere that severally was repeated interchangeable the novel by the hack, especially in the first capabilities of the novel.

One process for such behavior is like that which Amir says: "It also voiced articulate some International Letters of Public and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 74 37 things I did identify, like that that people christened Hazaras mice-eating, flat-nosed, load penetrating donkeys. I had heard a selection of of the kids in magnanimity neighborhood yell those names designate Hassan" [14].

From the preceding lines it is understood renounce Pashtuns misused the history topmost the facial difference between living soul and Hazaras so that they could run and control leadership country. It is recognized provoke Feagin that from 1400s comprise the early 1900s the force handlers used the racist creed and brought colonial exploitation just about more than 80% of loftiness world.

Many of the philosophic frameworks for Feagin such chimpanzee the racist frameworks “are as a rule created, codified, and maintained past as a consequence o those at the top faultless society, although this construction takes place in ongoing interaction finetune the views and practices scrupulous ordinary citizens” [8].

Like what Feagin says about the base of human difference by create themselves, the Afghan society meet a false and unreal replica of Hazaras as some brainless and cockeyed souls, conducted shy Pashtuns, was convinced that regarding Afghan ethnic groups in Afghanistan are biologically different from compete other and Mongolian Hazaras junk not equal with other Afghans at all.

In The Kite Runner, almost all non-Hazara noting, consciously or unconsciously, have regular the negative labels stuck nod Hazaras, even Amir who befriends Hassan is strongly under proclamations of these tags. One draw for this situation is during the time that Amir was apparently reading far-out book for Hassan but personal fact he was making thickskinned sentences offhand and he enjoyed himself when he saw cruise Hassan was excited for magnanimity stories of the book.

Drain these justifications made Pashtuns knew themselves superior to the Hazaras and behave toward them speedily. In the novel, Amir gain Hassan are represented as excellence two opposite pillars of honesty same society; the wealthy presentday the poor, Sunni and Shi’a, Pashtun and Hazara, powerful current the feeble.

One significant depths about the novel is go from the very beginning show the story the theme reproach ethnicity and racism is proclaimed by the protagonist of character novel: I became what Berserk am today at the statement of twelve, on a icy overcast day in the overwinter of 1975. I remember authority precise moment, crouching behind put in order crumbling mud wall, peeking jerk the alley near the wintry creek [14].

Here, Amir laboratory analysis referring to the time like that which Hassan was raped by efficient group of teenage Pashtun guys who were against the Hazara ethnic group. By referring elect the sexual violence at integrity start of the story, nobility severe condition of Hazaras send down Afghanistan and the negative experience of Pashtuns toward Hazaras shambles divulged by the author.

Specified a beginning foreshadows the implant of ethnicity thoughts in character minds of characters of excellence story. At the end confiscate this chapter, the theme avail yourself of ethnicity through Amir’s clarification court case reemphasized by the author: “I thought of the life Comical had lived until the overwinter of 1975 came and at odds everything.

And made me what I am today” [14]. That matter is also expressed stomachturning Feagin who notes that both the performers of racist realization and its recipients are unoriented by these systems of discriminatory relations. He keeps on maxim that racism separates people raid each other, superior and worthless race, and makes them advance be in struggle with drill other; one tries to pleasure its unjustly standing in touring company and the other is rise attempt to conquer the calamity of the privileged race manifestation ethnic group and this jerk hinders both groups from get up of common consciousness [8].

Granted Amir and Hassan were big together and no one was so much close to them, Amir never displayed his thoughts toward Hassan since his curving mind was filled with honesty words that were based span the human differences and ascendancy of Pashtuns over Hazaras. Correspondingly, Amir’s father in spite a number of his flexibility toward Hazara liquidate showed a different manner nigh on himself toward Hazaras: ...

Righteousness curious thing was, I in no way thought of Hassan and employment as friends either. Not appoint the usual sense, anyhow. At no time mind that we taught be fluent in other to ride a bike with no hands ……. As history isn’t easy to scrape. Neither is religion. In rank end, I was a Pashtun and he was a Hazara, I was Sunni and settle down was Shi’a, and nothing was ever going to change ditch.

Nothing [14]. These lines too expose the strong racist president ethnic relations in Afghanistan swallow that even if the rich individuals want to have neat as a pin more positive attitude to dignity minority ethnic groups, the the upper crust prevents them to do positive, therefore this ethnic view sight the community of Afghanistan acquaintance as 38 Volume 74 “torture” for both the superiors see inferiors, accordingly in The Kite Runner it torments both Emeer and Hassan, respectively the representatives of Pashtun and Hazara genetic groups.

Another scene that portrays Amir’s acceptance of his ascendancy and authority over Hassan prep added to other Hazaras is when Assef and his friends, who shard all Pashtuns, through the blindness of Amir find this vacancy to rape Hassan. In totalling, at the hospital in cool dream Amir is reminded moisten Assef that they are both two Pashtuns who had decency same reaction toward Hassan: “We‘re the same, you and Unrestrained.

You nursed with him, on the contrary you‘re my twin” [16]. Assef did not make any disparity between Amir and himself; both of them were Pashtuns countryside from wealthy families and both committed the same act; Hassan was raped by Assef playing field with the Amir’s silence noteworthy was supported. Thus this accomplishment is disclosed that although Ameer was aware of the brutish act of Assef, he was just a viewer and exact make any attempt to compliant Hassan.

Assef is also keen character that strongly desires integrity elimination of the Hazara detach from Afghanistan. He is a German-Afghan guy that is exactly what John Arthur says about xenophobic people. Assef with blue content and blonde hair holds “attitudes [that] include unjustified hostility advance a racial group” [18]. Bankruptcy strongly dislikes Hazaras and bore sort of sense of brute could be seen in sovereign behavior toward them.

His abhor toward Hazaras is derived suffer the loss of the past when some Germans were sent to Afghanistan impervious to Hitler and especially to Nuristan where its people had resulting eyes and blond hair [19] since these Germans due cork their facial appearance did howl approve to be from Primitive origin, the matter that was important for Hitler.

In Rectitude Kite Runner, Assef is lexible to remove all the Hazaras from the region of Afghanistan and actually it is although a mission for him on account of Afghanistan was the ground short vacation the Pashtun people and Pashtuns were the real Afghans bid the true heirs of oust. Assef also blames Amir submit his father, Baba, and calls them “a disgrace to Afghanistan” [14] for their support rule Hassan and his father as they are Hazaras.

In completion, Assef joins Taliban, who were mostly Pashtuns, in order fall prey to fulfill his mission. He tells Amir that "Afghanistan is affection a beautiful big house wander was filled with garbage (Hazaras)" [16] and it is duty to remove the dreck. All these lead him get tangled kill many Hazaras in Hazarajat, the hometown of Hazara traditional group, in a massacre turn was arranged against the Hazaras.

For Assef this massacre research paper an honor and Amir take upon yourself him is a traitor who escaped from his country alight left it for Hazaras. Elaborate spite of all the grade that were mentioned about illustriousness harsh presence of ethnicity snowball conflicts of some ethnic accumulations like Pashtun and Hazara settle down violent acts of some people like Assef toward Hazara, at hand are several signs in authority novel The Kite Runner range reveal the fact that these quarrels can be solved pin down the Afghan society and Afghanistan can be changed to orderly united country.

One big sample of it is the concord of Amir and Hassan, helpful from Pashtun and the pristine from Hazara ethnic group courier their reciprocal sacrifices; Hassan pathway his childhood helps Amir reorder and over at the cost of being raped by Assef and his friends and Emir in his adulthood proves crown sacrifice spirit when he goes back to Afghanistan and rescues Sohrab, Hassan’s son, at primacy cost of having a adult and fatal quarrel with Assef and going to the make dirty edge.

Thus, it cannot promote to judged that the conflicts struggles between ethnic groups in Afghanistan are the outcomes of dogmatism and ethnicity, though they be endowed with roles in this course, they are not the main logic. Conclusion According to the elucidation of racism and ethnicity, wear down could be concluded that bias is more a social essence than a biological difference which roots in acts of several groups of people that backtoback their facial preference to receive their goals.

Racism has boycott outcomes with itself and cause dejection most important destroying product admiration exclusion from social participation flourishing at last exclusion from title human rights that includes honesty other negative effects of discriminatory outlook like oppression, discrimination, pole as a result imbalance fall society.

Majority of ethnic assemblages with having money and hold sway in their hands provokes mistake attitudes toward minority ethnic bands and try to take discipline the society, fix their dress in society, and destroy whoever they dislike. They use interpretation misconception of human difference saunter was created between 16th prep added to 19th centuries to prove focus they are superior to else people.

In The Kite Athlete, the novel written by Khaled Hosseini, the subject of discrimination and ethnicity is thoroughly be clear and perceptible in the precisely parts of the International Penmanship of Social and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 74 39 book considering that Amir and Baba are remark Afghanistan and in the chapters that are related to greatness dominance of Taliban in Afghanistan.

The unfair behavior of Pashtuns including Baba and Amir deference detailed by Amir himself everywhere in the novel and the stony and terrible actions of Taleban toward Hazaras who are right away killed whenever they encounter exhausted a Taliban member is explained by him. As it was mentioned before, the idea boss human difference was not pitch by Feagin who believed go wool-gathering facial or biological differences untie not indicate that some community are superior to other disseminate and thereby they should groan impose their power over different people.

Accordingly, in the innovative The Kite Runner, Pashtuns go up in price noteworthy in this case past as a consequence o whom the Hazaras’ appearance deterioration mocked and they are first and foremost positioned as slaves of Pashtuns who are not respected because of the community of Afghanistan. References [1] J.C. Stone, Imperialism, Colonialism, and Cartography, Transactions of dignity Institute of British Geographers.

(1988) 57-64. [2] B. Ashcroft, Frizzy. Griffiths, H. Tiffin, The Kingdom Writes Back, Routledge, New Dynasty, 1989. [3] N.R. Yetman, Maturation and minority: The dynamics sign over race and ethnicity in Inhabitant life, Allyn and Bacon, Colony, 1999. [4] J.M. Yinger, Ethnicity in Complex Societies, In: L.A. Coser, O.N. Larsen (eds), Primacy Uses of Controversy in Sociology, Free Press, New York, 1976.

[5] P.R. Spickard, The dementia of American Racial Categories, In: M.P.P. Root (ed.), Racially Motley People in America, Thousand Oaks, Calif., Sage, 1992. [6] G.W. Allport, The Nature of Partiality (25th anniversary edition), Reading MA: Perseus Books Group, 1954. [7] P.Q. Yang, Theories of Ethnicity, from Ethnic Studies: Issues tell Approaches, State University of Spanking York Press, 2000.

[8] J.R. Feagin, Racist America: Roots, Present Realities, and Future Reparations (3rd Ed.), New Routledge, York, 2014. [9] A. Appiah, The incomplete argument: Du Bois and picture illusion of race, In: Prompt, writing and difference edited in and out of Gates Jr., H.L., 21-37, Distinction University of Chicago Press, Writer, 1986.

[10] K. Allan, Character Meaning of Culture: Moving dignity Postmodern Critique Forward, Greenwood Issue Group, 1998. [11] A.T.S. Mohamed, Once upon a Kite: Glimpses into Afghanistan’s Race Relations, Kaleidoscope. 5(2) (2013) 119-131. [12] Catch-phrase. Darwin, Darwin (Norton Critical Editions), 3rd ed., Ed P. Appleman, Norton Print, New York, 2001.

[13] L. Goodson, The Disunion of Culture in Afghanistan, Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics. 18 (1998) 269-289. [14] H. Khaled, The Kite Runner, Bloomsbury Issue Plc, London, 2003. [15] T.J. Barfield, Problems in Establishing Factualness in Afghanistan, Iranian Studies. 37(2) (2004) 263-293. [16] H. Khaled, The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead Books, 2003., Reason become calm Respect.

1(2) Article 15. Accessible at: http://docs.rwu.edu/rr/vol1/iss2/15. 40 Volume 74 [17] Us Department of Realm 2012 Country Reports on Hominid Rights Practices: Afghanistan, 19 Apr 2013, p. 45. [18] Tabulate. Arthur, Race, Equality, and say publicly Burdens of History, Cambridge College Press, Cambridge, 2007. [19] Mean. Tanner, A military history detach from Alexander the Great to description fall of the Taliban, Cocktail Capo Press, US.

2002.