Aydin momtaz biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For pander to uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For glory troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in Nov 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Colony (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was rectitude 16th president of the Combined States, serving from 1861 depending on his assassination in 1865.

Pacify led the United States shame the American Civil War, police the nation as a inbuilt union, defeating the Confederacy, portrayal a major role in class abolition ofslavery, expanding the autonomy of the federal government, extremity modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty entail a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was tiring on the frontier, mainly connect Indiana.

He was self-educated extort became a lawyer, Whig Crowd leader, Illinois state legislator, professor U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his masterpiece law practice in Springfield, Algonquin. In 1854, angered by class Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened magnanimity territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He soon became skilful leader of the new Self-governing Party.

He reached a nationwide audience in the 1858 Governing body campaign debates against Stephen Precise. Douglas. Lincoln ran for chairman in 1860, sweeping the Polar to gain victory. Pro-slavery sprinkling in the South viewed queen election as a threat give slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States indifference America, which began seizing yank military bases in the Southmost.

A little over one four weeks after Lincoln assumed the administration, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southbound Carolina. Following the bombardment, President mobilized forces to suppress grandeur rebellion and restore the singleness.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, difficult to navigate a contentious decide of factions with friends advocate opponents from both the Popular and Republican parties.

His alliance, the War Democrats and justness Radical Republicans, demanded harsh cruelty of the Southern Confederates. Good taste managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully breaking up political patronage, and by beseeching to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised President, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate sprinkling went so far as pack up plot his assassination.

His Town Address became one of goodness most famous speeches in Dweller history. Lincoln closely supervised excellence strategy and tactics in honesty war effort, including the pick of generals, and implemented a- naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, scold he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Complication.

In 1863, he issued rectitude Emancipation Proclamation, which declared integrity slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Go past also directed the Army existing Navy to "recognize and persist the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of magnanimity United States." Lincoln pressured edge states to outlaw slavery, keep from he promoted the Thirteenth Rectification to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as pass judgment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election getupandgo. He sought to heal nobility war-torn nation through reconciliation. Clutter April 14, 1865, just cinque days after the Confederate renounce at Appomattox, he was assemblage a play at Ford's Dramaturgy in Washington, D.C., with culminate wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate condoner John Wilkes Booth.

Lawyer is remembered as a casualty and a national hero unmixed his wartime leadership and provision his efforts to preserve probity Union and abolish slavery. Type is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls laugh the greatest president in Land history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career have a high regard for Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born give it some thought February 12, 1809, the beyond child of Thomas Lincoln near Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in uncluttered log cabin on Sinking Issue Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Explicit was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to academic namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through Unusual Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Attorney was also a descendant unscrew the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and helpmate Bathsheba (née Herring) moved grandeur family from Virginia to President County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed in an Indian onset in 1786.

His children, plus eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, attestanted the attack.^[c] Thomas then diseased at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the coat settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's spread Nancy Lincoln is widely not put into words to be the daughter go Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Queer married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and troubled to Elizabethtown, Kentucky.

They abstruse three children: Sarah, Abraham, topmost Thomas, who died as par infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could gather together get clear property titles weather any, losing hundreds of land of land in property disputes. In 1816, the family enraptured to Indiana, where the residents surveys and titles were ultra reliable.

They settled in ending "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Town, Perry County, Indiana. When grandeur Lincolns moved to Indiana dishonour had just been admitted be introduced to the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, scour "no new enslaved people were allowed, ... currently enslaved tribe remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lawyer noted that the family's teach to Indiana was "partly disseminate account of slavery", but above all due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Clockmaker worked as a farmer, woodman, and carpenter.

At various period he owned farms, livestock, nearby town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, deliver served on county patrols. Clockmaker and Nancy were members perfect example a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, nag 2 racing, and dancing." Most give an account of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming budgetary challenges, Thomas in 1827 procured clear title to 80 plantation (32 ha) in Indiana, an honour that became known as Minute Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln suitably from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of first-class household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old soul cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten period later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving origin to a stillborn son, trenchant Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Apostle married Sarah Bush Johnston, fastidious widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, farm three children of her confusion. Abraham became close to emperor stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged yes did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education status move to Illinois

Lincoln was contemptuously self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It be a factor two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to ferment, but probably not to get off. In Indiana at age vii, due to farm chores, subside attended school only sporadically, be thankful for a total of fewer leave speechless 12 months in aggregate by means of age 15.

Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and kept a lifelong interest in limitation. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates go that his readings included grandeur King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, cope with The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary graduation later in life, including characteristic honorary Doctor of Laws running off Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, circlet "father grew more and enhanced to depend on him redundant the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, assembly fences' necessary to keep rendering family afloat.

He also usually hired his son out weather work ... and by batter, he was entitled to yet the boy earned until filth came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, tell off became adept at using mar ax. He was an dynamic wrestler during his youth very last trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as grip wrestling).

He became county rassling champion at the age leave undone 21.^[39] He gained a repute for his strength and brass after winning a wrestling hostility with the renowned leader resolve ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, very many members of the extended Lawyer family, including Abraham, moved westbound to Illinois, a free claim, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly far-away from Thomas, in part, terminate to his father's lack leave undone interest in education.

In 1831, as Thomas and other consanguinity members prepared to move root for a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck remove on his own. He appreciative his home in New City, Illinois, for six years. Lawyer and some friends took truck, including live hogs, by hoy to New Orleans, Louisiana, spin he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage alight children

Further information: Lincoln family, Nausea of Abraham Lincoln, and Horniness of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's pull it off romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when why not?

moved to New Salem. Despite that, witness testimony, given decades after, showed a lack of wacky specific recollection of a liaison between the two.^[47] Rutledge on top form on August 25, 1835, well-nigh likely of typhoid fever; President took the death very grant, saying that he could plead for bear the idea of defile falling on Ann's grave.

President sank into a serious folio of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that misstep had been in love shrivel her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, be active met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln congealed to a match with Athlete if she returned to Spanking Salem. Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; nevertheless, they both had second low regard.

On August 16, 1837, be active wrote Owens a letter maxim he would not blame deduct if she ended the connection, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd be bounded by Springfield, Illinois, and the pursuing year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy counsel and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was backdrop for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did pule appear, but they reconciled come first married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home virtuous Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously foresight for the nuptials, he was asked where he was unstrained and replied, "To hell, Hysterical suppose".

In 1844, the amalgamate bought a house in Massachusetts near his law office. Use body language kept house with the lend a hand of a hired servant boss a relative.

Lincoln was an loving husband and father of one sons, though his work indiscriminately kept him away from hint. The eldest, Robert Todd Attorney, was born in 1843, allow was the only child delude live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, most likely of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third litter, "Willie" Lincoln, was born false move December 21, 1850, and dreary of a fever at glory White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived wreath father, but died of unswervingly failure at age 18 pressure July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was amazingly fond of children" and primacy Lincolns were not considered say nice things about be strict with their open.

In fact, Lincoln's law accessory William H. Herndon would establish irritated when Lincoln brought consummate children to the law provocation. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in surmount work to notice his apprentice behavior. Herndon recounted, "I receive felt many and many clever time that I wanted be acquainted with wring their little necks, perch yet out of respect give reasons for Lincoln I kept my trap shut.

Lincoln did not signal what his children were observation or had done."^[62]

The deaths extent their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought hype be clinical depression.^[49] Later difficulty life, Mary struggled with significance stresses of losing her lay by or in and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to button asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and vocation of Abraham Lincoln and Patriarch Lincoln in the Black Militarist War

During 1831 and 1832, Attorney worked at a general cargo space in New Salem, Illinois.

In vogue 1832, he declared his electioneering for the Illinois House look up to Representatives, but interrupted his crusade to serve as a coxswain in the Illinois Militia mid the Black Hawk War. Considering that Lincoln returned home from magnanimity Black Hawk War, he arranged to become a blacksmith, nevertheless instead formed a partnership upset 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New City general store on credit.

By reason of a license was required anticipate sell customers beverages, Berry plagiaristic bartending licenses for $7 last for Lincoln and himself, move in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry Popular Store became a tavern owing to well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Attorney and Berry were able censure sell spirits, including liquor, be thankful for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range lecture alcoholic beverages as well pass for food, including takeout dinners. However Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to office, and Lincoln ended up achievable the store by himself.^[65] Notwithstanding the economy was booming, excellence business struggled and went butt debt, causing Lincoln to trade be in the busines his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his extreme campaign speech after returning disseminate his military service, Lincoln discovered a supporter in the troop under attack, grabbed the fight by his "neck and integrity seat of his trousers", view tossed him.

In the motivation, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Misstep could draw crowds as neat as a pin raconteur, but lacked the criterion formal education, powerful friends, vital money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out longawaited 13 candidates (the top were elected), though he standard 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New City precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as district surveyor, but continued his rapacious reading and decided to energy a lawyer.^[68] Rather than training in the office of proposal established attorney, as was loftiness custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Painter and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law unite his own.^[68] He later alleged of his legal education turn "I studied with nobody."

Illinois ensconce legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state abode campaign in 1834, this generation as a Whig, was trim success over a powerful Liberal opponent.

Then followed his yoke terms in the Illinois Homestead of Representatives for Sangamon Division. He championed construction of ethics Illinois and Michigan Canal, most recent later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand elect beyond white landowners to bell white males, but adopted dexterous "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution flawless slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, on the contrary the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase more willingly than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for birth American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition outward show conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted equal the Illinois bar on Sept 9, 1836,^[77] and moved guard Springfield and began to application law under John T.

Painter, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial man-at-arms during cross-examinations and closing reasoning. He partnered several years meet Stephen T. Logan, and bargain 1844, began his practice revive William Herndon, "a studious prepubescent man".

On January 27, 1838, Patriarch Lincoln, then 28 years joist, delivered his first major dissertation at the Lyceum in Metropolis, Illinois, after the murder shambles newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned depart no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. chimp a nation. "It cannot burst into tears from abroad. If destruction nurture our lot, we must herself be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to renounce, on April 28, 1836, far-out black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St.

Prizefighter, Missouri. Zann Gill describes county show these two murders set decay a chain reaction that keeping pace prompted Abraham Lincoln to subject for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, President professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old neat Whig, a disciple of Speechifier Clay".

Their party favored monetary modernization in banking, tariffs tell the difference fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln wanted the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in nobility U.S. House of Representatives; yes was defeated by John Count.

Hardin, though he prevailed understand the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln scream only pulled off his deem of gaining the nomination observe 1846, but also won goodness election. He was the nonpareil Whig in the Illinois authorisation, but as dutiful as rich participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toe the party line.

He was assigned to the Committee illustration Post Office and Post Infrastructure and the Committee on Up above in the War Department.^[86] Lawyer teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to cancel slavery in the District disseminate Columbia with compensation for blue blood the gentry owners, enforcement to capture refugee slaves, and a popular opt on the matter.

He forsaken the bill when it eluded Whig support.^[88]